of the Sayan and Altai, representatives of the Afanasiev culture, were engaged in cattle breeding and learned how to process metal (copper and bronze), while the population of the more northern forest strip was still at the Neolithic stage. In about the 2nd millennium BC. the entire steppe and forest-steppe strip of Siberia from the Urals to Transbaikalia was inhabited by tribes of pastoralists-farmers who were well acquainted with the extraction and processing of copper and bronze, and some of the West Siberian tribes moved east to the Yenisei (Andronovo culture). At the end of the 2nd millennium BC, newcomers from the southeast, the Mongoloids, joined the indigenous population of the Minusinsk basin, and in the material culture of this time there are some common features with the culture of China (Karasuk culture). The development of cattle breeding contributed to the transition of the South Siberian tribes of the Bronze Age from matriarchy to patriarchy. In the north, the development of social relations was slower, and in some tribes (e.g., the Chukchi, Koryaks, etc.), this transition was significantly delayed. In the 1st millennium BC, bronze tools had already penetrated into certain northern forest areas (which indicates the connection of forest-steppe pastoral tribes with taiga hunters), by the end of this period, iron processing was mastered. Hoeing agriculture grew (in the south, even with the use of artificial irrigation) and cattle breeding, which in the steppe regions took a new form of nomadic.
The 2nd half of the 1st millennium BC is a period of predatory wars, the formation of tribal alliances and the separation of the ancestral aristocracy. It was at this time that the appearance of rich mounds of tribal nobility (Pazyryk culture), containing a large number of imported items and fine examples of local applied art (for example, animal style), dates back to.
The Sayano-Altai tribes of this time are mentioned in Chinese chronicles under the name of the Dinglin, who were conquered by the Huns on the verge of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. Since that time, Southern Siberia from Altai to Transbaikalia has become the northern outskirts of the Hunnic possessions. During this period, the influence of Chinese culture on Siberian tribes increased, as evidenced by the finds of Chinese items and coins in Siberia. It is possible that the residence of one of the Hun governors (the former Chinese commander Li Lin) was located near the mouth of the Abakan River, where the ruins of a Chinese building of the 1st century were discovered and examined. Under the
onslaught of the Huns, part of the Gian-Gun tribes migrated to the Yenisei from Northwestern Mongolia, and the Dinlins were partly pushed to the north and northwest, bringing their higher culture there; those who remained on the spot mixed with the newcomers – Mongoloids.
In Western Siberia, as a result of the progress of forest-steppe cattle-breeding tribes (which modern researchers consider to be Ugrians) through the taiga zone to the Far North, a special culture is developing in the lower reaches of the Ob, combining southern and Arctic features. At the same time, the northern archaic culture was still preserved in areas remote from large rivers.
The domination of the Huns in Southern Siberia ended at the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. The 1st half of this millennium was the era of the formation and domination of new, successive tribal unions (Xianbis, Zhuzhans) in Central Asia. By the 6th century, the Altai Turks of tu-gyu had strengthened. In the middle of the 1st millennium A.D., the peoples of the Yenisei Kyrgyz formed in Prisayanye (the ancestors of the Khakas), Kurykan, or Guligan, in the Baikal region (the ancestors of the Buryat Mongols and Yakuts), Mohe on the Amur and in Primorye (the ancestors of the Amur Tungus, the descendants of ileu) and a number of others. In the 8th century, the Tu-gyu were defeated by the Uighurs, and in the 9th century. In their place, the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who had strengthened by that time, whom the Chinese chroniclers called khagyas (Khakas), moved forward.
In Buryatia, the oldest Bronze Age burial in the Southeastern Sayan was found
Archaeologists of Irkutsk National Research Technical University (IRNTU) have discovered in Buryatia more than 30 ritual structures and the oldest burial of the late Bronze Age in Southeastern Sayan, the press service of the university reports.
«Archaeologists have conducted excavations in the Okinsky district of Buryatia. They found more than 30 ritual structures and the oldest burial of a man of the late Bronze Age in the Southeastern Sayan,» the report says.
The university clarified that the buried man was not lying in a traditional grave pit, but on the surface of the earth under a stone mound surrounded by a ring layout. Red and yellow stones were found next to the deceased’s chest. Scientists believe that the findings have a sacred meaning. Also, the burial differs from those already known to date in the Baikal region by the fact that the skeleton faces the southeast with its head. Similar burials, but with the orientation of the body to the northwest, were found by archaeologists in the north of Khubsugul in Mongolia.
Scientists reported that the bones were poorly preserved, and therefore it is difficult to establish the sex of the buried one – it is known that it was a teenager. The researchers handed over samples of the remains to Canadian scientist Anjei Weber, who will do radiocarbon analysis in the laboratory of Oxford University. This will determine the age of the find.
Archaeologists have also discovered 34 barrow-like structures. The diameters of the embankments are four to six meters. Part of the cenotaphs suffered during the construction of modern houses. Local residents used masonry for construction, which they found in vegetable gardens.
https://ria.ru/20210816/pogrebenie-1745889416.html
In the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD, the first state formations appeared in Southern Siberia, Turkic writing (Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions) spread and a fairly high culture was created on the basis of ploughed irrigated agriculture of local tribes and nomadic cattle breeding of the dominant Turkic tribes. During this era, Southern Siberia was connected by trade and political relations with China (the period of the Tang Dynasty). The dominant tribes of the South Siberian state associations subjugated the forest hunting tribes, putting them in the position of dependent «Kyshtyms» and imposing tribute in the form of furs, which were sold in the southern markets.
The state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the early 10th century was also weakened by the wars with the Khitans and split into two small khanates, which in the early 13th century were also conquered by the Mongols. The Khakas and Tuvans, after their first conquest by the Mongols (which lasted from 1207 to 1209), repeatedly raised uprisings and were finally conquered only by 1270..
In the middle of the 13th century. The whole of Siberia, except for the extreme northern regions, became part of the Mongol Empire, with Eastern Siberia, including the Sayans, included in the Jagatai (Chagatai) ulus, and western, including Altai, in the ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). After the collapse of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Siberian Khanate (Siberian Yurt, Siberian Kingdom) was formed in Western Siberia. In the 13th-14th centuries, the territory of the Siberian Khanate called «Ibiri» was part of the Jochi ulus, in the 1st half of the 15th century – part of the Uzbek state Abulkhair. Then it was subject to the Nogai murzas. At the end of the 15th century. Ibak (Ibrahim) seized power in Siberia, who is considered the founder of the independent Siberian Khanate, which included the Barabinsk steppe in the south and reached almost to the Arctic Ocean in the north. The capital of the khanate originally became the city of Chingi-Tura (on the site of modern Tyumen). The main core of the Khanate’s population were Turkic-speaking tribes related to Kazakhs and southern Altaians and known as «Siberian Tatars», and the Ugro-Finnish taiga tribes paid tribute to them. The main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding; there were hunting, fishing, and beekeeping. The Khanate consisted of a number of feudal districts (uluses). The khan was at the head of the state. Relying on the support of the Nogai Horde, the Siberian Khanate tried to extend its influence to Kazan. During
