paying tribute and seized the river routes going from Siberia to the Urals. As a result of the campaign of Russian military detachments under the command of Ermak, Kuchum was defeated, and its capital was taken in 1581. At the end of the 16th century, several detachments of Russian troops were sent to Siberia under the command of Moscow voivodes, who built a number of fortresses on the territory of the Khanate (Tyumen, Tobolsk, Verkhoturye, Tura) and finally defeated Kuchum in 1598. The annexation of the Khanate to Russia accelerated the development of feudal relations among the peoples of Siberia, promoted the rise of productive forces and contributed to the rapprochement of Siberian nationalities with the Russian people.
The first Russian information about Siberia dates back to the end of the 11th century. Already in the 12th century, the Novgorodians traded with the peoples of the Far North, who needed iron and willingly gave the skins of fur-bearing animals in exchange for iron axes and knives. In the Novgorod charters of the 13th century, the Yugorskaya land is referred to as the Novgorod volost. In the 13th-14th centuries, Novgorod boyars equipped military expeditions for furs beyond the Urals (the largest in 1364). In the middle of the 14th century, Novgorod merchants who traveled beyond the Urals formed into a special corporation – «Yugorshchyna».
After the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow in 1478, the leading role in the movement for the Urals passed to Moscow. Industrial settlements and settlements appeared all along the Pechora way. In the 1st half of the 16th century, the sea route to Siberia was also mastered. At the beginning of the 16th century, the first literary work about the peoples of the Urals and Trans – Urals appeared in Russia – «The Legend of the unknown people in the Eastern country».
The strengthening of the Russian centralized state and the active foreign policy of Ivan IV the Terrible in the East opened the possibility of advancing to Siberia from the Kama Basin. A big role in the colonization of Siberia was played by the Stroganov merchants, who received permission to build fortified towns and hire «willing people» to protect them. Ermak’s campaign was organized from the Stroganov possessions in 1581, which led to the defeat and collapse of the Siberian Khanate. The successes of Ermak’s campaign were consolidated by the military actions of the Moscow voivodes, and at the beginning of the 17th century. The annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state was completed. The first Russian cities and prisons began to be built: Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Pelym (1593), Berezov (1593), Surgut (1594), Verkhoturye (1598), Narym (1598), Mangazeya (1601), Tomsk (1604).
At the beginning of the 17th century, the annexation of Eastern Siberia began. With the Ob river ways and portages, there was an advance to the Yenisei. In 1605, the Ketsky prison was built on Keti, in 1618 on the drag between Ketyu and Yenisei – Makovsky prison, in 1618 on the Yenisei – Yeniseisk, in 1628 – Krasnoyarsk. From the Yenisei, there was progress along the Upper Tunguska (Angara), Podkamennaya Tunguska and Lower Tunguska and along them to the Lena basin. In 1630, the Ilimsky ostrog was built on the Lena drag, in 1631 in the Baikal region – the Bratsky ostrog, in 1632 on the middle Lena – Yakutsk. In 1636, D. Kopylov’s expedition was sent from Tomsk to Lena. By the early 40s, Russian industrialists and explorers in the north came to the Kolyma, and in the south – to the Amur Basin and the Sea of Okhotsk. An outstanding role in the discovery and development of new territories in Siberia was played by Russian explorers – ordinary military and industrial people, often at their own risk, regardless of the government, who organized expeditions to remote eastern and northeastern regions of Siberia. All these expeditions, which were of great importance in the history of geographical discoveries, contributed to the fact that by the beginning of the 18th century. Russian Russian possessions in the north and east of Asia almost reached the borders formed by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans (only Chukotka remained undeveloped); in the southeast, the Russians entered the Amur Basin; in the southwest, in the 1st half of the 17th century, the Russians approached the steppes in the upper reaches of the Irtysh and Ishim and the foothills of the Sayan and Altai. The advance of explorers and service people into the Amur Basin faced resistance from the Manchus who seized power in China. The Russian government sought to establish trade and diplomatic relations with China. According to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 an agreement on borders was concluded and mutual trade was allowed on the basis of mutual benefit.
Many Khanty, Mansi and other tribes became subjects of the Russian state, as well as the Buryats, who were threatened with complete ruin and physical destruction by the Mongol and Oirat khans. The organization of a unified administration of the peoples of Siberia contributed to the cessation of long and frequent intertribal and inter-tribal wars. As a result of the annexation of Siberia to Russia, the economic and cultural ties of the Siberian peoples with the Russian people were established, which was of crucial importance for the further historical destinies of the peoples of Siberia.
At the end of the 16th-17th centuries, the peasant agricultural colonization of Siberia began. As a result of the strengthening of the enslavement of peasants in the center of Russia, the resettlement movement of peasants to Siberia grew. The Russian peasantry created agriculture here (before that there were only weak beginnings of it in the West Siberian Tatars, southern Mansi, Kachin, Buryats, etc.). The government used free peasant colonization, organizing «sovereign settlements» and planting the peasantry on «sovereign arable land» (processing in favor of the treasury of a certain number of tithes or handing over in the form of a certain rent parts of the crop). The government also forcibly resettled peasants from Russia, from the «black lands», from each plough to a certain number of people, practiced exile «to arable land» and, finally, called for «hunting, walking people» to settle in Siberia. These measures were supposed to lead to the development of agriculture in Siberia, reducing the expensive import of bread from Russia. All the arable and tilled peasantry were in the position of state peasants. Serfdom arose only in the land holdings of churches and monasteries that were founded in Siberia; in the 18th century, peasants were assigned to factories in Altai and Nerchinsk factories.
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