you at a prompt where you can then set your console user-mode password. See Chapter 6 for more information.
9. B, D. The mask 255.255.254.0 (/23) used with a Class A address means that there are 15 subnet bits and 9 host bits. The block size in the third octet is 2 (256 – 254). So this makes the subnets in the interesting octet 0, 2, 4, 6, etc., all the way to 254. The host 10.16.3.65 is in the 2.0 subnet. The next subnet is 4.0, so the broadcast address for the 2.0 subnet is 3.255. The valid host addresses are 2.1 through 3.254. See Chapter 1 for more information.
10. C. The IP address is configured under a logical interface, called a management domain or VLAN 1, by default. See Chapter 2 for more information.
11. A. 256 – 192 = 64, so 64 is our block size. Just count in increments of 64 to find our subnet: 64 + 64 = 128. 128 + 64 = 192. The subnet is 128, the broadcast address is 191, and the valid host range is the numbers in between, or 129–190. See Chapter 1 for more information.
12. C. An inside global address is considered to be the IP address of the host on the private network after translation. See Chapter 5 for more information.
13. B. Once you create your pool, the command ip nat inside source must be used to say which inside locals are allowed to use the pool. In this question, we need to see if access list 100 is configured correctly, if at all, so show access-list is the best answer. See Chapter 6 for more information.
14. D. Layer 2 switching creates individual collision domains per port. See Chapter 2 for more information.
15. C. The command line vty 0 4 places you in a prompt that will allow you to set or change your Telnet password. See Chapter 6 for more information.
16. B. To see the contents of all access lists, use the show access-list command. See Chapter 6 for more information.
17. C. VLANs break up broadcast domains at layer 2. See Chapter 2 for more information.
18. A. The command erase startup-config deletes the configuration stored in NVRAM. Using erase-startup will also work as the IOS will complete the command for you. See Chapter 7 for more information.
19. C. ICMP is the protocol at the Network layer that is used to send messages back to an originating router. See Chapter 1 for more information.
20. A. Class A addressing provides 22 bits for host subnetting. Class B provides 16 bits, but only 14 are available for subnetting. Class C provides only 6 bits for subnetting. See Chapter 1 for more information.
21. B. Only the EIGRP route will be placed in the routing table because EIGRP has the lowest administrative distance (AD), and that is always used before metrics. See Chapter 3 for more information.
22. D. Switches send information about only one VLAN down a link unless it is configured as a trunk link. See Chapter 2 for more information.
23. A. By default, switches break up collision domains on a per-port basis but are one large broadcast domain. See Chapter 2 for more information.
24. C, D. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is not right because it has nothing to do with trunking except that it sends VLAN information across a trunk link. 802.1q and ISL encapsulations are used to configure trunking on a port. See Chapter 2 for more information.
25. D. Stub networks have only one connection to an internetwork. Default routes should be set on a stub network or network loops may occur; however, there are exceptions to this rule. See Chapter 3 for more information.
26. B. Hubs regenerate electrical signals, which are specified at the Physical layer. See Chapter 1 for more information.
27. A, C. Standard and extended access control lists (ACLs) are used to configure security on a router. See Chapter 6 for more information.
28. C. If you start at 192.168.128.0 and go through 192.168.159.0, you can see that this is a block of 32 in the third octet. Since the network address is always the first one in the range, the summary address is 192.168.128.0. What mask provides a block of 32 in the third octet? The answer is 255.255.224.0, or /19. See Chapter 1 for more information.
29. B. The command to back up the configuration on a router is copy running-config startup-config. See Chapter 7 for more information.
30. C. IEEE 802.3ab is the standard for 1 Gbps on twisted-pair. See Chapter 1 for more information.
Chapter 1
Network Fundamentals
THE FOLLOWING CCNA ROUTING AND SWITCHING EXAM OBJECTIVES ARE COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER:
✓ Compare and contrast OSI and TCP/IP models.
✓ Compare and contrast TCP and UDP protocols.
✓ Describe the impact of infrastructure components in an enterprise network.
✓ Describe the effects of cloud resources on enterprise network architecture.
✓ Compare and contrast collapsed core and three-tier architectures.
✓ Compare and contrast network topologies.
✓ Select the appropriate cabling type based on implementation requirements.
✓ Apply troubleshooting methodologies to resolve problems.
✓ Configure, verify, and troubleshoot IPv4 addressing and subnetting.
✓ Compare and contrast IPv4 address types.
✓ Describe the need for private IPv4 addressing.
✓ Identify the appropriate IPv6 addressing scheme to satisfy addressing requirements in a LAN/WAN environment.
✓ Configure, verify, and troubleshoot IPv6 addressing.
✓ Configure and verify IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration.
✓ Compare and contrast IPv6 address types.
In this chapter, I will review the basics of internetworking and what an internetwork is. I will go over some of the components that make up a network as well as some applications used in networking. I will also go over the OSI and TCP/IP models and, finally, explain how data flows across a network as well as discuss the various connectors used in a network.
Compare and contrast OSI and TCP/IP models
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides them into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, it's known as a hierarchical or layered architecture. In this section two models covered on the exam are compared and contrasted.
The OSI Reference Model
The OSI model is hierarchical, and there are many advantages that can be applied to any layered model, but as I said, the OSI model's primary purpose is to allow different vendors'
