8, general instrumentation characteristics, including properties and measures of accuracy, are introduced. Design considerations such as temperature, moisture, corrosion, and grounding are also discussed.
In Chapter 9, significant types of instrumentation used at WRRFs are discussed in detail. The discussion includes operating principles, materials of construction, error (incorrectly called accuracy in some literature), interferences, installation requirements, and maintenance requirements. In addition to common wastewater instruments, this section has been expanded to include measures of organic material (total organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand) and gas analysis.
In Chapter 10, final control elements are discussed. Topics include valves, valve actuators, pumps, pumping characteristics, blowers, blower characteristics, electric motors, starters, and variable-speed drives. In Chapter 11, communications and connectivity are discussed, largely in the form of a tutorial. This section has been heavily revised to include material on networking and new wireless communication technologies. Because of its dominance in the field, the use of Ethernet and protocols over Ethernet are discussed in detail.
In Chapter 12, physical and cyber security are discussed with an emphasis on cyber security of process control systems. New guidelines and recommendations from the Department of Homeland Security, the International Society of Automation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology are referenced.
In Chapter 13, HMI is addressed. New developments in HMI design that emphasize rapid situational awareness and the role of the operator are presented. In addition, new standards and guidelines for alarming are introduced.
In Chapter 14, design of process controllers, including PLCs and DCSs, is discussed. This chapter of the manual has been abbreviated, and other readily available sources of similar information have been referenced.
Chapter 15 presents an introduction to instrumentation maintenance and troubleshooting. The chapter briefly discusses computerized maintenance management systems and emphasizes preventative maintenance as a strategy. Finally, in Chapter 16, control system training and training plan development are discussed.
7.0 REFERENCES
American National Standards Institute; International Society of Automation (2009) Management of Alarm Systems for the Process Industries; ANSI/ISA-18.2-2009; International Society of Automation: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Hollifield, B.; Oliver, D.; Nimmo, I.; Habibi, E. (2008) The High Performance HMI Handbook; Plant Automation Services: Houston, Texas.
Olsson, G.; Newell, B. (1999) Wastewater Treatment Systems: Modelling, Diagnosis and Control; International Water Association: London.
Water Environment Federation; American Society of Civil Engineers; Environmental and Water Resources Institute (2012) Design of Urban Stormwater Controls; WEF Manual of Practice No. 23, ASCE/EWRI Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 87; Water Environment Federation: Alexandria, Virginia.
8.0 SUGGESTED READINGS
Liptak, B. (2003) Instrument Engineer’s Handbook: Process Measurement and Analysis; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.
Skrentner, R. (1988) Instrumentation Handbook for Water & Wastewater Treatment Plants; Lewis Publishers: Chelsea, Michigan.
Water Environment Research Foundation (2001) Thickening and Dewatering Processes: How to Evaluate and Implement an Automation Package Thickening and Dewatering Processes: How to Evaluate and Implement an Automation Package; Project No. 03-REM-3; Water Environment Research Foundation: Alexandria, Virginia.
Chapter 2
The Business Case for Automation
David B. Kubel, P.E.
Dave W. Roberts, P.E.
2.1 Tangible Economic Benefits
2.2 Intangible Economic Benefits
2.2.1 Compliance Monitoring
2.2.2 Improved Process Performance and Reliability
2.2.4 Enhanced Decision Making
