target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#litres_trial_promo">8.5 Typical protocol
8.6 Standards-setting organizations
9.1 Typical flow meter characteristics
9.2 Flow meter applications
9.3 Effect of flow disturbances on the accuracy of transit time flow meters
9.4 Typical weir equations
9.5 Flume flowrates based on size
9.6 Pitot tube piping requirements
9.7 Venturi meter upstream piping requirements
9.8 Level instrument application guidelines
9.9 Level switch application guidelines
9.10 Temperature-measurement application guidelines
9.11 Typical thermocouple materials
9.12 Accuracy and repeatability of temperature-measurement devices
9.13 Treatment processes and the range of solids concentrations that are typically observed
9.14 Typical construction materials for ISBL analyzers
11.1 An example of how to decide between copper and fiber installations
11.2 Key differences between the types of cloud systems
12.1 Human threat-source, motivation, and threat actions
12.2 Possible ICS vulnerability assessment actions
12.3 Likelihood definitions
12.4 Risk-level matrix
12.5 The ISA-99 series of industrial automation and control systems security standards
12.6 The NERC-CIP standards
13.1 Eight “challenges” of situational awareness
13.2 Alarm management life cycle shows alarm life-cycle stages, as well as the applicable clauses within the standard
13.3 Alarm performance metric summary
14.1 Process controller selection criteria
14.2 Examples of control function blocks
15.1 Original data with calculated precision and accuracy values
16.1 Sample training plan for instrumentation technicians
16.2 Sample skills growth plan
16.3 Mentoring form
Preface
This Manual of Practice presents the elements of a complete automation design and the standards that govern those elements. The primary focus of the manual is to provide information to help designers of automation systems. However, this same information will be useful for utility managers and operators in understanding what information to expect from designers and how to interpret that information.
Several of the chapters from the 2006 edition of the manual were simply updated to current standards with some additions (e.g., Sensors), while several chapters were significantly shortened (e.g., Process Controllers) where excellent sources of outside materials could be referenced. Other chapters, however, were either added or greatly expanded to reflect technological changes. Chapter 7, Process Control Strategies, represents an update of the 1997 WEF manual titled Automated Process Control Strategies. Chapter 11, Communications and Connectivity, can be considered a tutorial on the topic and presents easy-to-read information about current products and alternatives. Chapter 12, Physical and Cyber Security, presents important topics for the design of any supervisory control and data acquisition system and discusses numerous guidelines from the Department of Homeland Security and others. Chapter 13, Human-Machine Interfaces, presents exciting new concepts in graphical interface design as well as recent International Society of Automation standards for alarming.
Automation is still a maturing component of the water industry. As such, technology improvements are constantly being developed and new applications are frequently being exploited to great benefit.
In addition to the WEF Task Force and Technical Practice Committee Control Group members, reviewers include Raman Saravanane, M.E., Ph.D. (Env. Engg), Grant Van Hemert, P.E., and Dave Weber, P.E.
Authors’ and reviewers’ efforts were supported by the following organizations:
Arthur Engineering, Inc., Elk Grove, California
Automation Consulting & Education, Inc., Tampa, Florida
Black & Veatch, Rancho Cordova, California
Brinjac Engineering Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Brown and Caldwell, Maitland, Florida
Carollo Engineers, Inc., Littleton, Colorado
CH2M HILL, Columbus, Ohio, Redding, California, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada
City of Moberly, Missouri
City of Roseville, California
City of Toronto,
