The Notebooks - The Original Classic Edition. Leonardo Da

       OF THE RAMIFICATION.

       The beginning of the ramification [the shoot] always has the central line [axis] of its thickness directed to the central line [axis] of

       the plant itself.

       401.

       In starting from the main stem the branches always form a base with a prominence as is shown at a b c d.

       402.

       88

       WHY, VERY FREQUENTLY, TIMBER HAS VEINS THAT ARE NOT STRAIGHT.

       When the branches which grow the second year above the branch of the preceding year, are not of equal thickness above the ante-cedent branches, but are on one side, then the vigour of the lower branch is diverted to nourish the one above it, although it may be somewhat on one side.

       But if the ramifications are equal in their growth, the veins of the main stem will be straight [parallel] and equidistant at every degree

       of the height of the plant.

       Wherefore, O Painter! you, who do not know these laws! in order to escape the blame of those who understand them, it will be well that you should represent every thing from nature, and not despise such study as those do who work [only] for money.

       The direction of growth (403-407).

       403.

       OF THE RAMIFICATIONS OF PLANTS.

       The plants which spread very much have the angles of the spaces which divide their branches more obtuse in proportion as their point of origin is lower down; that is nearer to the thickest and oldest portion of the tree. Therefore in the youngest portions of the tree the angles of ramification are more acute. [Footnote: Compare the sketches on the lower portion of Pl. XXVII, No. 2.]

       404.

       The tips of the boughs of plants [and trees], unless they are borne down by the weight of their fruits, turn towards the sky as much as possible.

       The upper side of their leaves is turned towards the sky that it may receive the nourishment of the dew which falls at night.

       The sun gives spirit and life to plants and the earth nourishes them with moisture. [9] With regard to this I made the experiment