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this question--Reasons for the same--Their architecture--Different styles of houses--The communal house--The teepan--The teocalli--State of society indicated by this architecture--The gens among the Mexicans--The phratry among the Mexicans--The tribe--The powers and duties of the council--The head chiefs of the tribe--The duties of the "Chief-of-men"--The mistake of the Spaniards--The Confederacy--The idea of property among the Mexicans--The ownership of land--Their laws--Enforcement of the laws--Outline of the growth of the Mexicans in power--Their tribute system--How collected--Their system of trade--Slight knowledge of metallurgy--Religion--Quetzalcohuatl--Huitzilopochtli--Mexican priesthood--Human sacrifice--The system of Numeration--The calendar system--The Calendar Stone--Picture-writing--Landa Alphabet--Historical outline. Chapter XVI. ANCIENT PERU. First knowledge of Peru--Expeditions of Pizarro--Geography of Peru--But a small part of it inhabitable--The tribes of ancient Peru--How classified--Sources of our knowledge of Peru--Garcillaso De La 13 Vega--Origin of Peruvian civilization--The Bolson of Cuzco--Historical outline--Their culture--Divided into phratries and gentes--Government--Efforts to unite the various tribes--Their system of colonies--The roads of the Incas--The ruins of Chimu--The arts of the Chimu people--The manufacture of Pottery--Excavation at Ancon--Ruins in the Huatica Valley--The construction of a Huaca--The ruins at Pachacamac--The Valley of the Canete--The Chincha Islands--Tiahuanuco--Carved gateway--The Island of Titicaca--Chulpas--Aboriginal Cuzco--Temple of the Sun--The Fortress--General remarks. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Pyramids and Sphinx. 2. Paleozoic Forest. 3. The Pterodactyl. 4. Ichthyosauri. 5. The Labyrinthodon. 6. The Paleotherium. 7. Miocene Mammals. 8. Cut Bones of a Whale. 9. Mastodon. 10. Map of Europe. 11. Scratched Stone. 12. Interglacial Bed. 13. Paleolithic Flints. 14 14. Flint Implements. 15. Section of Gravel-pit. 16. Paleolithic Flint, England. 17. Flint Flakes. 18. Spear-head Type. 19. Hatchet Type. 20. Neanderthal Man. 21. Gailenreuth. 22. Spear-head, Lower Breccia, Kent's Cavern. 23. Spear-head, Cave-earth, Kent's Cavern. 24. Flake, Cave-earth, Kent's Cavern. 25. Harpoon, Pin, Awl, and Needle, Kent's Cavern. 26. Robin Hood Cave. 27. Horse incised on Piece of Rib. 28. Bone Implements, Cresswell Crags. 29. Bone Implements, Dordogne Caves. 30. Rock Shelter, Bruniquel. 31. Whale and Seal incised on Bone. 32. Cave-bear incised on Slate. 33. Glove incised on Bear's Tooth. 34. Reindeer grazing. 35. Group of Reindeers. 36. Man, and other Animals. 37. Fish incised on Bear's Tooth. 38. Ibex. 39. Mammoth, La Madeline Cave, France. 40. Reindeer carved on Dagger Handle. 41. Flower on Reindeer's Horn. 42. Ornamented Reindeer Horn, use unknown. 15 43. Eskimo Art. 44. The Mammoth. 45. Antarctic Ice-sheet. 46. Earth's Orbit. 47. Lake Village. 48. Foundation Lake Village. 49. Irish Cranogs. 50. Fortified Camp, Cissbury. 51. Neolithic Axes. 52. Neolithic Weapons. 53. Ax in Sheath. 54. Hafted Hatchet in Sheath. 55. Sheath with two Hatchets. 56. Chisels in Sheath. 57. Horn Hoe. 58. Miner's Pick. 59. Polishing Stone. 60. Neolithic Boat-making. 61. Neolithic Cloth. 62. Spindle Whorl. 63. Weaver's Comb. 64. Chambered Burial Mound. 65. Dolmen, England. 66. Dolmen, France. 67. Dolmen once covered with Earth. 68. Menhir. 69. Stone Circle, England. 70. Chambered Tomb, France. 71. Bronze Axes, first Form. 16 72. Bronze Axes, second Form. 73. Bronze Axes, third Form. 74. Chisel. 75. Hammer. 76. Bronze Knives. 77. Crescent, use unknown. 78. Bracelet. 79. Hair-pin. 80. Bronze Pendants. 81. Necklace and Beads. 82. Ornamental Designs. 83. Bronze Sickle. 84. Clay Vessel and Support. 85. Bronze Weapons. 86. Mold. 87. Burial Mound. 88. Avebury Restored. 89. Stonehenge Restored. 90. Ancient Tower, Scotland. 91. Ornaments. 92. Gold Ornament. 93. Swords. 94. Ornamental Sword-sheath. 95. Lance-head and Javelin. 96. Shields. 97. Gallic Coins. 98. Imaginary Section of Table Mountain. 99. Calaveras Skull. 100. Implement found in Loess. 17 101. Spear-shaped Paleolithic Implement. 102. Paleolithic Implement, Argillite. 103. Stone Implement. 104. Mound Prairie. 105. Mound and Circle. 106. Altar Mound. 107. Plan and Section of Altar. 108. Burial Mounds. 109. Burial Mounds. 110. Grave Creek Mound. 111. Cross-section St. Louis Mound. 112. Terraced Mound. 113. Elevated Square, Marietta. 114. Cahokia Mound. 115. Temple Mound inclosed in a Circle. 116. Etowah Mound, Georgia. 117. Hill Mounds. 118. Miamisburg Mound. 119. Effigy Mounds. 120. Elephant Mound. 121. Emblematic Mounds. 122. Grazing Elks--Fox in the distance. 123. Eagle Mound. 124. Hawks and Buffaloes. 125. Goose and Duck. 126. Turtle. 127. Salamander and Muskrat. 128. Man-shaped Mound. 129. Emblematic Mound Inclosure. 18 130. Bird Mound surrounded by a Stone Circle. 131. The Big Serpent Mound. 132. The Alligator Mound. 133. High Bank Works. 134. Square and Circle Embankment. 135. Square inscribed in a Circle. 136. Circle and Ditch. 137. Mound Builders' Works, Newark, Ohio. 138. Eagle Mound. 139. Gateway of Octagon. 140. Observatory Mound. 141. Works at Marietta, Ohio. 142. Graded Way, Piketon, Ohio. 143. Fortified Hill, Hamilton, Ohio. 144. Fort Ancient, Ohio. 145. Fortified Headland. 146. Inclosure, Northern Ohio. 147. Square Inclosure, Northern Ohio. 148. Sacrificial Pentagon. 149. Festival Circle. 150. Crescent Works. 151. Triangular Works. 152. Arrow Points. 153. Ax found in a Mound. 154. Weapons of Stone from Tennessee. 155. Copper Ax. 156. Copper Bracelets. 157. Ancient Mine, Michigan. 158. Sculptured Face. 19 159. Face of a Female. 160. Beaver. 161. Otter. 162. Birds on Pipes. 163. Group of Clay Vessels. 164. Bowls with Human Faces. 165. Water Cooler. 166. Pottery Vessels. 167. Agricultural Implements. 168. Idols. 169. Map of the Pueblo Country. 170. Zuni. 171. Ground Plan. 172. End View. 173. Old Zuni. 174. Inscription Rock. 175. Wolpi. 176. Watch Tower. 177. Ruins at Aztec Springs. 178. Ruins in the McElmo Canyon. 179. Tower on the Rio Mancos 180. Ruins in the Havenweep Canyon. 181. Two-storied House in the Mancos Canyon. 182. View of the Cliff in which the House is Situated. 183. Plan of the House. 184. Doorway of the House. 185. Room of the House. 186. Cliff Town, Rio Mancos. 187. Caves Used as Houses, Rio Mancos. 20 188. Ruins in the San Juan Canyon. 189. Cave Town. 190. Battle Rock, McElmo Canyon. 191. Restoration of Pueblo Bonito. 192. Plan of Pueblo Bonito. 193. Different Styles of Masonry. 194. Room in Pueblo Bonito. 195. Casa Grandes, on the Gila. 196. Indented and Corrugated Ware. 197. Painted Ware. 198. Long House of the Iroquois. 199. Stockaded Onondaga Village. 200. Pomelock. 201. Mandan Village. 202. Ruins near the La Platte, Valley of the San Juan. 203. Stone Mask, found in Tennessee. 204. Map of Mexico. 205. Bas-relief Tezcuco. 206. Montezuma's Bath. 207. Aqueduct, Tezcocingo. 208. Teotihuacan. 209. Casas Grandes. 210. Quemada. 211. Pyramid of Cholula. 212. Xochicalco. 213. Enlarged View of the Ruins. 214. Wall at Mitla. 215. Ornamentation at Mitla. 216. Hall at Mitla. 21 217. Papantla. 218. Tusapan. 219. Map of Central America. 220. Ruins of Copan. 221. Statue, Copan. 222. Statue, Copan. 223. Hieroglyphics, Top of Altar. 224. Bas-relief, East Side of Altar. 225. Portrait, Copan. 220. Plan of Palenque. 227. General View of Palace, Palenque. 228. Cross-section of Palace, Palenque. 229. Trefoil Arch. 230. Entrance to Principal Court. 231. Stone Tablet. 232. Palace, Palenque. 233. Ruined Temple of the Three Tablets. 234. Elevation Temple of the Three Tablets. 235. The Beau-relief. 236. Temple of the Cross. 237. Tablet of the Cross. 238. The Sun. 239. Maler's Cross. 240. Statue, Palenque. 241. Bas-relief, on the left hand of the Altar of the Cross. 242. Plan of Uxmal. 243. The Governor's House, Uxmal. 244. Two-headed Monument, Uxmal. 245. End View. 22 246. Ground Plan. 247. Figure Over the Doorway. 248. Ornament Over the Doorway. 249. Elephant's Trunk. 250. Plan of Nunnery. 251. Room in Nunnery. 252. Facade, Southern Building. 253. Facade, Eastern Building. 254. Serpent Facade, Western Building. 255. Temple, Uxmal. 256. Arch, Kabah. 257. Zayi. 258. Plan of Zayi. 259. Gateway at Labna. 260. Castillo, Chichen-Itza. 261. Gymnasium at Chichen-Itza. 262. Ring. 263. Building at end of Gymnasium. 264. Painted Stucco Work. 265. Queen Consulting the H-men. 266. Chaac-Mol. 267. Bearded Itza. 268. Arizona Ruin. 269. Tribute Sheet. 270. Yucatan Axes. 271. Carpenter's Ax. 272. Mexican Carpenter. 273. Copper Tool. 274. Huitzilopochtli. 23 275. Mexican Numeration Signs. 276. Maya and Mexican Day Signs. 277. Maya Months. 278. Calendar Stone. 279. Sign of Rain. 280. Sign of a Cycle. 281. Indian Picture-writing. 282. Chapultepec. 283. Amen. 284. Historical Sheet. 285. Chilapi Tribute. 286. Child-training. 287. Migration Chart. 288. Landa Alphabet. 289. Maya T. 290. Maya Picture-writing. 291. Hieroglyphics, Tablet of the Cross. 292. Map of Peru. 293. Fortress, Huatica Valley. 294. Ruins at Pachacamac. 295. Relics from Guano Deposits. 296. Burial Towers. 297. Palace. 298. Section of Palace Walls. 299. Ornamentation on Walls. 300 Adobe Ornament. 301 Gold and Silver Vases. 302. Bronze Knives and Tweezers. 303. Water-jar. 24 304. Water-jars from Ancon. 305. Cloth Found in Grave. 306. Wall in Huatica Valley. 307. Burial Mound, or Huaca. 308. Fortress Mound. 309. Temple Wall. 310. Fortress, Huatica Valley. 311. General View of Pachacamac. 312. View of the Temple. 313. Relics from Graves at Pachacamac. 314. Relics found
