Cf. Dubson, “On the Problem of the Evacuation,” 42–43.
8 The Council for Evacuation, “Transfer of children from the cities of Moscow and Leningrad to rural areas,” Top secret, July 1, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3023.
9 I enlarge on this subject in my article, Feferman, “A Soviet Humanitarian Action?,” 813–831.
10 K. Pamfilov, The Council for Evacuation’s memorandum “On regulating the registration of the evacuated population and the improvement of information work; on location of the evacuated citizens,” Top secret, December 25, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3014.
11 “Status and structure of Council for Evacuation. Attachment to the decision of SNK SSSR,” Top secret, June 24, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3028.
12 The first head of the Council was Lazar Kaganovich. On July 16, 1941, he was replaced by Shvernik.
13 Decree of SNK SSSR “On the arrangement of the population evacuation during the war,” Top secret, July 5, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3022.
14 “Status and structure of the Council for Evacuation,” YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3028.
15 Report by K. Pamfilov, Top secret, December 25, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3014. A postwar Soviet study mentioned a lower estimate of 7.4 million people evacuated by the spring of 1942. I. I. Belonosov, “Evakuatsiia naseleniia iz prifrontovoi polosy v 1941–1942 gg.,” in Eshelony idut na Vostok. Iz istorii perebazirovaniia proizvoditel′nykh sil SSSR v 1941–1942 gg. Sbornik statei i vospominanii, ed. Iu. A. Poliakov (Moscow: Nauka, 1966), 26.
16 Dubson, “On the Problem of the Evacuation,” 38 (footnote 6).
17 Belonosov, “Evakuatsiia naseleniia iz prifrontovoi polosy,” 28.
18 E. Rees, “The Changing Nature of Centre–Local Relations in the USSR, 1928–1936,” in Centre–Local Relations in the Stalinist State 1928–1941, ed. E. Rees (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 9–36.
19 For example, Fedor Kiselev, Gosudarstvennaia politika po otnosheniiu k evakuirovannomu naseleniiu v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Na materialakh Kirovskoi oblasti i Udmurtskoi ASSR, PhD diss., Kirov, Viatkskii gosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskii universitet, 2004, 77–85. Cf. Mariia Potemkina, “Evakuatsiia i natsyional′nye otnosheniia v sovetskom tylu v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny,” Otechestvennaia istoriiia 3 (2002): 148–156.
20 Kuban′ v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, 1941–1945: Khronika sobytii, ed. A. Beliaev and I. Bondar′ (Krasnodar: Sovkuban′, 2000), vol. 1, 76–77.
21 Il′ia Al′tman, Zhertvy nenavisti: Kholokost v SSSR, 1941–1945 gg. (Moscow: Fond “Kovcheg”: Kollektsiia “Sovershenno sekretno,” 2002), 388–389. Cf. Yitzhak Arad, The History of the Holocaust. The Soviet Union and the Annexed Territories (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004), 177–202 [Hebrew]. Cf. Manley, To the Tashkent Station, 99–100, 166–167. Cf. Edwards, Fleeing to Siberia, 38–39.
22 The sources referenced here relate to the mixed Cossack-Russian localities (Krasnodar) and the indigenous North Caucasians (Kalmykia and unspecifiied North Caucasian indigenous localities). Senior Inspector Shklovskii, speech at session of the SNK of the Kabardino-Balkar ASSR, May 5, 1942, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3527.
23 Ibid.
24 Saul Borovoi, Vospominaniia: Pamiatniki evreiskoi istoricheskoi mysli (Moscow: Evreiskii Universitet v Moskve, Jerusalem: Gesharim, 1993), 250, 252. Cf. Testimony of Anfisa Kalnitskaya, 1926, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Department of Oral History (henceforth ICJ, DOH): TC 2759 (not transcribed). Cf. Testimony of Lyudmila Bradichevsky, May 13, 1996, ICJ: (217) 183, p. 3, and others.
25 Vladimir Gel′fand, Dnevnik 1941–1946 (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2015), 44.
26 Testimony of Yury Burakovsky, in Evakuatsiia. Vospominaniia o detstve, opalennom ognem Katastrofy. SSSR, 1941–1945, ed. Aleksandr Berman and Alla Nikitina (Jerusalem: Soiuz uchenykh-repatriantov, 2009), 91–92.
27 Testimony of Sara Labinov, no date, ICJ: TC 2773, side A. Cf. Testimony of Ida Mandelblat, no date, YVA: VT/1911.
28 Information provided by the Head of the Military Department of Soldato-Akeksandrovsky Raion Committee of the VKP(b) B. Fadeev, Top secret, August 30, 1941, Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii Stavropol′skogo kraia (henceforth GANISK): 1/2/64, pp. 8–10. In Stavropol′e: Pravda voennykh let. Velikaia Otechestvenaia v dokumentakh i issledovaniiakh, ed. V. Belokon′, T. Kolpikova, Ia. Kol′tsova, V. Maznitsa (Stavropol: Stavropol′skii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2005), 35.
29 Maksim Andrienko, Naselenie Stavropol′skogo kraya v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: otsenka povedencheskikh motivov, PhD diss., Pyatigorsk, Piatigorskii gosudarstvennyi lingivisticheskii universitet, 2005, 57.
30 Ibid., 57.
31 NKVD to Shvernik, November 25, 1942, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3529. Cf. Shklovskii, report “On the conditions of the evacuated population in Kabardino-Balkar ASSR,” June 2, 1942, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3527.
32 Kiselev, Gosudarstvennaia politika, 79. Cf. Viktor Fedotov, Evakuirovannoe naselenie v Srednem Povolzh′e v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945 gg.): Problemy razmeshcheniia, sotsial′noi adaptatsii i trudovoi deiatel′nosti, PhD diss., Samara: Samarskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet, 2004, 113. Cf. Mariia Potemkina, “Evakonaselenie v ural′skom tylu. Opyt vyzhivaniia,” Otechestvennaia istoriia 2 (2005): 93–94.
33 Shklovskii, speech, YVA: JM/24678. Source: GARF: A-259/40/3527.
34 Decree of the Council for Evacuation “On the plan for the evacuation of members of families of workers and employees from Karelo-Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Belorussian, Ukrainian (western areas), Moldavian SSR, districts of Murmansk, Leningrad and Smolensk,” Top secret, July 7, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. GARF: A-259/40/258, p. 66.
35 Distribution of evacuees (registered by lists) by districts and republics of their origin on the grounds of the data of Resettlement departments as of November 15, 1941, YVA: JM/24678. GARF: A-259/40/3091.
36 Beliaev and Bondar′, Kuban′ v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, vol. 1, 38–39.
37 Ibid., 56–57.
38 Information from the First Secretary of the Stavropol District Committee of the VKP(b) Mikhail Suslov on defensive preparations of the territory, Top secret, August 6, 1941, GANISK: 1/2/63, pp. 113–114. In Belokon′, Stavropol’e, 32.
39 With the exception of special one-time compensation paid to those evacuated in an organized manner. Decree no. 1791 of the SNK SSSR “On the payment of monetary allowances to those resettled from their locations on account of the relocation of their plants and institutions to other areas,” July 1, 1941. In L. Snegireva (ed.), Vo imia pobedy: Evakuatsiia grazhdanskogo naseleniia v Zapadnuiu Sibir′ v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny v dokumentakh i materialakh (Tomsk: Izdatel′stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta, 2005), vol. 1, 282–283.
40 Directive letter of the Committee of the VKP(b) of the Krasnodar territory on the work with the evacuees. In Khachemizova, Obshestvo i vlast′, 141.
