tion>
THE ORIGINS OF THE LEBANESE NATIONAL IDEA
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Ahmanson Foundation Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation.
The publisher also gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation.
| Carol Hakim | • | THE ORIGINS OF THE |
| LEBANESE NATIONAL | ||
| IDEA | ||
| 1840—1920 |
University of California Press
BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon
University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
© 2013 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hakim, Carol, 1954-
The origins of the Lebanese national idea, 1840–1920 / Carol Hakim.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-27341-2 (cloth: alk. paper)
eISBN 9780520954717
1. Lebanon—Politics and government—19th century. 2. Lebanon—Politics and government—20th century. 3. Mount Lebanon (Lebanon: Province)—Politics and government. 4. Nationalism—Lebanon—History. 5. Elite (Social sciences)—Political activity—Lebanon—History. 6. Political culture—Lebanon—History. 7. Maronites—Lebanon—History. 8. Druzes—Lebanon—History. 9. Lebanon—Ethnic relations—History. I. Title.
DS85.H35 2013
956.92’ 034—dc23
2012023406
Manufactured in the United States of America
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Rolland Enviro100, a 100% post-consumer fiber paper that is FSC certified, deinked, processed chlorine-free, and manufactured with renewable biogas energy. It is acid-free and EcoLogo certified.
To Beirut and to all whose lives have been shaped by its singular history
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Note on Transliteration
Introduction
1The Emergence of Lebanism: The Lebanese Setting
2The Emergence of Lebanism: The French Connection
3The 1860 Massacres and Their Aftermath: A Map for Lebanon
4The Church and the Mutasarrifiyya
5The Mutasarrifiyya Framework: An Equivocal Legacy
6The Secular Elite and the Mutasarrifiyya
7The 1908 Revolution and Its Aftermath
8Toward a Greater Lebanon
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book has been a long time in the making, its completion continually delayed by one episode or another of the endless saga in Lebanon and the surrounding region. Along the way, I have benefited from the support and friendship of many people, too many to be fully acknowledged here. I owe a special debt to Professors Albert Hourani and Kamal Salibi. Their encouragement and guidance was fundamental to my engagement with this project, which started as a doctoral dissertation. Their kindness, generosity, and friendship have remained a continual source of inspiration, and I deeply regret that they are no longer here to see the completion of this book. A similar debt of gratitude is owed to Professor Roger Owen, who has been a source of support since my days in graduate school. In addition, throughout my stay in Oxford, the Centre for Lebanese Studies offered me a home away from home, and its director, Nadim Shehadi, provided invaluable support in academic matters, to say nothing of his guidance in all manner of diversions and escapes from my academic work.
The dissertation would have remained forever a solitary manuscript on the shelves of the main library in Oxford had not many friends and colleagues urged me to publish it. I am particularly grateful to Thomas Philipp, Elizabeth Picard, Eugene Rogan, Akram Khater, Jo Bahout, and Hazem Saghieh for their unfailing confidence, and most of all to James Gelvin and Jens Hanssen, who have never despaired against all odds of seeing the book in print one day.
I have benefited throughout my research from the kind and generous assistance of members of the staff at the Jafet Library at the American University of Beirut, the Bibliothèque Orientale at the Saint-Joseph University, the Public Record Office, the British Library, the Quai d'Orsay, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Others have provided invaluable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript; I would like to mention here Debby Callaghan, who initiated me to the basic skills of professional editing, and Chris Newey, who helped with the translation of French quotations.
Colleagues at the Department of History at the University of Minnesota have offered me a warm and welcoming academic home. Their encouragement and support sustained my determination to bring this book to completion. In particular, I acknowledge the kind and patient support of my departmental chairs, Gary Cohen and Eric Weitz, and the gracious, generous, and jovial friendship of Giancarlo Casale and MJ Maynes, who helped in more ways than one.
The University of Minnesota generously provided support for the preparation of the manuscript in the form of a McKnight summer research fellowship and single-semester leave. In addition, the Institute for the Transregional Study of the Contemporary Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia at Princeton University and its director, Bernard Haykel, offered me a fellowship and a supportive environment that allowed me to put the final touches to the manuscript.
The publication of this book would not have been accomplished without the support of all the staff at the University of California Press and the confidence and patience of Lynne Withey and Niels Hooper. Members of my extended
