America (New York, 2010).
57 Nationality, 17 Apr., 8 Jun., 15 Jun. 1918 (quote from New York Times).
58 Nationality, 7 Sep. 1918 (quoting O’Connor in London on his return from America) In a would-be direct address to Woodrow Wilson during April 1918, de Valera had argued that ‘Ireland is the acid test of England’s sincerity.’ Nationality, 21 Sep. 1918.
59 Gerard Keown, First of the small nations, 32–3; Documents on Irish foreign policy, vol. 1 (Dublin, 1998), nos 11, 59 and 67.
60 Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, vol. 1 (Dublin, 1998), no. 10 (quote p. 14).
61 NLI, Art Ó Briain papers, Ms8426/61, de Valera to Ó Briain, 22 Mar. 1919.
62 Robert McLaughlin, Irish Canadian conflict and the struggle for Irish independence (Toronto, 2011), 124. While Hughes was essentially a literary figure, Crawford had a deep interest in economics and was a former Orangeman who would establish a separate ‘Protestant Friends of Irish Freedom’ organisation in New York City.
63 Crawford’s correspondence with Cohalan on this theme can be found within the Daniel Cohalan papers in the library of the American Irish Historical Society in New York City. I am grateful to Michael Doorley for this information. See also Robert McLaughlin, Irish Canadian conflict, 137–9.
64 Greg Donaghy, Michael K. Carroll (eds), In the national interest: Canadian foreign policy, the department of foreign affairs and international trade 1909–2009 (Calgary, 2011), chapter 1.
65 Michael Doorley, Irish-American diaspora nationalism, 128–31 (quotes p. 129).
66 Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith (Dublin, 2015), 227, 228 (quote).
67 Gerard Keown, First of the small nations, 57–8. De Valera wrote to the Dáil cabinet in April 1920 that he believed that not alienating the church was the most essential issue. UCD, de Valera papers, P150/1132, confidential memo, 15 Apr. 1920.
68 UCD, de Valera papers, P150/1154, letter of Devoy 17 Aug. 1920 with an attached American Clan na Gael statement to the IRB Supreme Council in Dublin. Papers of the IRB were acquired by de Valera after Boland’s death in 1922.
69 Michael Doorley, Irish-American diaspora nationalism, 140.
70 UCD, de Valera papers, P150/1125, Boland to Collins 4 Nov. 1920.
71 J. Crowley, D. O’Driscoll, M. Murphy (eds), Atlas of the Irish revolution (Cork, 2017), 515–19.
72 Young Ireland, 16 Apr. 1921. D.W. Griffith, the film director of Birth of a Nation (1915), was one of its earliest subscribers.
73 Young Ireland, 22 Jan. 1921.
74 Young Ireland, 12 Feb. 1921.
75 Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith, 230, 236–8.
76 The papers of the Irish Self-Determination League of Great Britain can be found within the Art Ó Briain papers in the National Library of Ireland.
77 Patrick O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Kensington, 1987), 280; Robert McLaughlin, Irish Canadian conflict, 142.
78 Robert McLaughlin, Irish Canadian conflict, 132–3, 140–3.
79 Patrick O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Kensington, 1987), 269–74, 284.
80 Patrick O’Farrell, Irish in Australia, 267; Robert McLaughlin, Irish Canadian conflict, 21–2, 120, 122.
81 Young Ireland, 28 May 1921; Patrick O’Farrell, Irish in Australia, 284.
82 These have been reproduced in Documents on Irish foreign policy, vol. 1 (Dublin, 1998).
83 Nationality, 17 and 31 May 1919. This reality would later be reflected in Mark Tierney (ed.), ‘Calendar of Irlande, vol. 1, 2 and 3, in the Collection Europe, 1918–29 in the Archives Diplomatiques, Paris’, Collectanea Hibernica, 21–2 (1979–80), 205–37.
84 Dáil Éireann, Miontuaric an chead Dala 1919–1921 (Dublin, 1994), minutes for 27 Oct. 1919.
85 Dáil Éireann, Miontuaric an chead Dala 1919–1921 (Dublin, 1994), minutes for 11 Apr. 1919.
86 Mark Tierney (ed.), ‘Calendar of Irlande, vol. 1, 2 and 3, in the Collection Europe, 1918–1929 in the Archives Diplomatiques, Paris’, Collectanea Hibernica, 21–2 (1979–80), 205–37; Gerard Keown, First of the small nations, 172, 177.
87 Gearoid Barry, The disarmament of hatred: Marc Sangnier, French Catholicism and the legacy of the First World War 1914–1945 (London, 2012).
88 Pierre Ranger, ‘The world in Paris and Ireland too: the French diplomacy of Sinn Féin 1919–1921’, Études Irlandaises, vol. 36 no. 2 (2011), 7, 9, 15.
89 ‘France and Ireland’, Young Ireland, 27 Mar. 1920, 30 Apr. 1921, 4 Jun. 1921.
90 Reports from over 100 such publications, published in English translation by Michael MacWhite, were reproduced in the series ‘France and Ireland’, which ran in Young Ireland from Jan. 1920 until Feb. 1922.
91 Documents on Irish foreign policy, vol. 1 (Dublin, 1998), no. 37 (quote pp. 70–1).
