Nouns
| anak child | orang person, human being |
| buku book | nama name |
| makanan food | minuman drink |
| mata eye | hari day |
| mobil car | bis bus |
| kamar room | rumah house, home |
| kursi chair, seat | méja table |
| tempat place, seat | kota town, city |
| jalan street, road | kunci key |
| kawan friend | air water |
| suami husband | isteri wife |
| nasi rice (cooked) | gelas glass |
| gunung mountain | pantai beach |
| karcis ticket | barang goods, item |
| hal matter | masalah problem |
| muka face | belakang back |
| bahasa language | negara country |
| séndok spoon | garpu fork |
| piring plate | hotél hotel |
2.08
Articles
Unlike English, Indonesian does not use any articles (“a,” “an,” “the”) before nouns:
Saya akan naik bis ke Bali. I will take the bus to Bali.
Kita cari hotél yang murah. We are looking for a cheap hotel.
Kita mau séwa kamar. We want to rent a room.
Ada kunci? Do you have the key?
The sense of the English definite article (“the”) can often be conveyed, however, by the possessive suffix -nya (literally: “his, hers, its, yours”) or by the demonstrative pronouns ini and itu (“this” and “that”):
Orangnya tinggi. The person [is] tall.
Bis itu di mana? Where is the [that] bus?
Batik ini mahal. The [this] batik cloth is expensive.
2.09
Plural forms
Singular or plural forms of nouns are not normally distinguished, and the same form is used for both. Singular or plural are indicated instead by the context, or through the use of other words such as “all,” “many,” etc.
Semua orang senang. All the people were pleased.
Banyak turis datang. Many tourists arrived.
Reduplicating a noun may emphasize that it is plural:
anak-anak (also written anak2) children
buku-buku books
However, reduplication often carries the meaning “a variety of.” It is also used to create new words with very different meanings from the simple forms. It is best therefore to avoid reduplication to indicate the plural unless you know what you are saying.
mata eye mata-mata spy
semata-mata only, exclusively
Para indicates plural for persons, often in a formal context:
para penumpang passengers
para penonton viewers
Note: More information concerning noun formation using prefixes and suffixes is given at the back of this book.
2.10
Classifier words
A number cannot be placed before many Indonesian nouns without the use of certain “classifier words” between the number and the noun. This is like the use of words in English such as “two pieces of cake” or “three sheets of paper,” etc. Some of the more common classifiers are listed below.
batang (lit: “trunk”) used for cigarettes, trees, etc.: sepuluh batang rokok ten cigarettes
biji (lit: “seed”) used for small objects; in slang, a counter for any object
buah (lit: “fruit”) used for larger and abstract things; or a general counter for inanimate objects
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