its continuation for the future’.
Perhaps this is the only justification necessary for Kendo, whose essence and entity is the true ethic of swordsmanship.
In reference to the Nihon Kendo Kata as practised today, the Kata was performed by myself and Mr. Yoshinori Inoue, both of us Yondan (4th Degree). This was done with the intention of establishing some reference points in order to facilitate the study of the Kata. Neither of us confess to being experts in Kata but tried only to perform to the best of our ability and limited understanding.
It may be necessary throughout the book to refer to the Glossary of Terms .
Teikoku Kendo Kata-Kinnosuke Ogawa on the right, Shigesaburo Miyazaki on the left.
Picture taken in front of the grave of Ono Tadaaki, founder of the OnoHa Itto Ryu, successor to Ito Ittosai. Junzo Sasamori - right; Naritomo Tsurumi on the left. They are performing Ono Ha Itto Ryu kata.
CHAPTER ONE
THE KATA TRADITION
In the pre Tokuga era, Kata were referred to as kumitachi and seiho and were the result of the training methods of the classical schools of kenjutsu. However, these methods did not actually become laid down and recorded officially until the period 1560-1572. They were developed from actual fighting techniques as taught by military teachers skilled in their art, and former techniques of classical swordsmanship contain the theory and practical applications necessary to retain the essence of their conception, and are thus vital for further development in all kendoka. In 1886 Meiji (19) the Japanese Police were the first, other than the existing classical schools, to refer to these old forms in order to create a standard kendo kata. In the same year the keishichoryu kata became the standard kata for police use, formed from the schools of Jikishinkage, Kurama, Tsutsumi, Hozan, Risshin, Hokushin Itto, Asayama Ichiden, Jigen, Shinto Munen, Yagyu and Kyoshin Meichi Ryus. It is interesting that the Japanese Police still use the kata system today as a highly beneficial training method, so maintaining the direct link to the origins of classical swordsmanship.
In 1895 Meiji (28) the foundation of the Dai Nihon Butokukai became the controlling body of all budoka throughout Japan, offering unity and attempting to standardise the classical ryuha or schools and sections.
This unification only really began after the war against Russia in 1904, 1905 (Meiji 37 and 38), through the foundation of the Bujutsu Kyoin Yoseijo (martial arts masters training school), in Kyoto, as research developed new kata in both Judo and Kendo.
In 1906, Meiji (39), Noboru Watanbe was the head of the Dai Nihon Butokukai committee, Hanshi, Shinto Munen Ryu together with Unpachiro Shibae (Hanshi Shinto Munen Ryu), Kanichiro Mitsuhashi (Musashi ryu), Sekishiro Tokuno (hanshi, Jikishin kage ryu), Daisaku Sakabe (hanshi, kyoushin meichi ryu), Shingoro Negishi (Hanshi, Shinto munen ryu), Morie Abe (Jikishin kage ryu), and eight others who were allowed to take part in the discussions: were T Naito, S Sayama, M Toyama, K Yano, K Minatobe, T Yamasato and H Nakayama. In August 1906 the original three kata were decided as the Butokukai Kenjutsu Kata, also known as Ten, Chi, Jin no Kata Heaven, earth and person, or jodan gedan chudan. However, it seems that as very little discussion actually took place there was widespread complaint from the masters, making it unpopular and consequently little is known about this Kata.
In this same period the other leading group was the Tokyo Koto Shihan Gakko, or the teachers training college in Tokyo, with the founder of modern judo, Jigoro Kano, as its headmaster. Tokyo Koto Shihan Gakko organised a seminar and published the original kata of three forms, originated in 1911 by Sasaburo Takano, I Ozawa, S Hoshino, A Tanaka, T Naito, S Negishi, T Shingai, H Nakayama, T Yamasato, S Kobayashi, S Kimura, K Shibata and Shigeyoshi Takano.
Upon reading the original documents it is clear that there is a strong resemblance between these three forms of the Tokyo Koto Shihan Gakko and the first three forms of the Dai Nihon Teikoku kendo kata. Therefore it can be stated that the first three forms of Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo kata had probably been formulated before the committee of Butokukai or their kata was established, or the official Dai Nihon Teikoku kendo kata of 1912 was published. In December 1911 (Meiji 44) the Butokukai formed a second committee with Sasaburo Takano (from Koto Shihan Gakko), Takaharu Naito (Dai Nihon Butokukai), Tadashi Monna (Dai Nihon Butokukai), Shingoro Negishi from (Shinto Munen ryu), Shinpei Tsuji from (Saga) and 20 other members. From this committee there appeared in November 1912 (Taisho 1) the publication of the Dai Nihon Teikoku kendo kata followed by a teaching seminar.
Translation of the Original Edict
Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata
The kendo schools suffer from a lack of unity, and we the Dai Nihon Butokukai have experienced many difficulties in teaching kendo, and although we feel these schools should keep their various characteristics, we have felt the necessity for unity through a standardisation programme, so in October of 1912 we entrusted research into various schools of swordsmanship, by several kendo masters. As the result of our careful study, we now establish the Dai Nihon Teikoku kendo kata.
It is important to note that not only did Sasaburo Takano (1862-1950) contribute greatly to the Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata, but that he is directly responsible for the formalisation of the Gogyo No Kata forms. His grandfather was M. Takano, headmaster of the Ono ha Itto ryu. Sasaburo Takano studied and practised fluently in this style as well as teaching modern kendo methods and from the essence of Ono Ha Itto ryu kata he developed the Gogyo No Kata and taught it to the students of the Tokyo koto shihan gakko. This college was the predecessor of the Tokyo University of Education which in turn was the predecessor of the present Tsukuba University where the Gogyo No Kata is still taught in its original forms, as well as at other selected universities.
In September 1917 (Taisho 6) the annotation of the Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata was published, and a proper written explanation of the kata devised. In May 1933 (Showa 8) the enlarged annotation of the Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata was presented. It was at this time that it began to be known as the Nihon Kendo kata. In 1981 Select Committees met to study the original documents of the Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata and to discuss the possible revision and updating Nihon kendo kata by the documentation available. The first committee to make the draft consisted of five members: Tatsuo Saimura (Executive Director of ZNKR) Noburu Shigeoka, Akira Sato, Yuji Onishi and Hideo Muto (secretary ZNKR). It was then discussed by another committee with A Sato as chairman, and K Nakakura, T Tokimasa, K Isaka, K Takigawa, T Kogawa, T Saeki, Y Onishi, Y Nishi, K Takashashi, M Komorisono, T Morishima, K Wada and M Osawa. Another conference consisting of K Horiguchi, S Ono and N Kojima also discussed these matters. They found the edict difficult to understand. There was the possibility of misprints too, and it proved extremely hard to determine some of the exact technical explanations. It was decided then to take the Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata as it read, or they interpreted it, and change it into a more easily understood language by reclassifying certain terms such as seigan to chudan, right and left jodan. The result was established as the Nihon kendo kata but it still remained in essence the ‘Dai Nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata’.
Picture of prominent Kendo masters in front of the Butokuden building, Kyoto Taisho (4) 1915
Front left: Shigesoburo Moyazaki, Goro Saimura, Moriji Mochida, Tadashi Monna, Takaharu Naito, Kuniharu Watanabe, Sosuke Nakano, Chikita Oshina
Second row: 2nd from left is Kinnosuke Ogawa, and others
