run into something better—than to sit still.”
Many more Dinka among those displaced by the famine of 1988 had moved to the North thinking that the government would come to their rescue. But displaced Southerners in the North do not get any government assistance as a result of efforts to undermine their citizenship. Southerners lack political status in the North for three main reasons. First, they are not Muslims in a country where elite politics is increasingly Islamicized and secularism is declining.5 Second, they are excluded from public services as a result of widespread and virulent racial prejudice. Indeed, one report to a humanitarian donor agency noted that the Arab-African racial hierarchy that exists in Northern Sudan is in some ways comparable with that of apartheid in South Africa.6 Third, displaced Southerners lack legal redress against the gross exploitation because they have been readily stigmatized as supporters of the rebellion in the South and therefore undeserving of the protection of the law.
Two thousand of these South Sudanese became victims of an attack by the Baggara in what became known as the ed-Da’ein massacre. One afternoon in 1987, fearing that they were going to be attacked by the Baggara, displaced Dinka congregated in front of a police station in the town of ed-Da’ein, requesting and hoping for police protection. The police told them to spend the night in railroad freight cars. But the Arabs armed themselves and attacked the Dinka who were packed into the railroad cars, and the police watched as thousands of them were being slaughtered and burned inside the rail wagons.7
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