(hereafter cited as LH [GU]), 8 June 1991, 11.
90. “‘Narcos’ suramericanos abren nuevas rutas en centroamérica,” LP (HO), 2 April 1993, 46.
91. DEA, Resources, Guatemala (2001), 5–6. For references to the four-hundred-ton figure, see, for instance, INCSR (2003), 5:21.
92. By late in the 1990s the CIA estimated that traffickers shipped only about 10 percent of the U.S. cocaine supply directly from South America. Another 30 percent was transshipped via Caribbean islands, and the remaining 60 percent traversed the Central America–Mexico corridor (land territory and adjacent sea lanes). CIA, Allegations of Connections, 7. For nearly identical U.S. Army Southern Command figures, see “Drug Cops Agree to Cooperate,” TT (CR), 3 March 2000, 1A.
93. Andreas, Border Games, 43.
94. According to the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organization of American States, in 1995 the Central American states, including Belize, arrested 5,582 persons for drug offenses. CICAD, Total de detenidos, 2.
95. See U.S. Senate, Law Enforcement: Report, 1–2. For similar estimates, see “Agents Take Record Haul of Cocaine,” St. Petersburg Times (United States) (hereafter cited as SPT [US]), 20 November 1987, 1A, and “Aims of ‘Drug War’ Questioned,” TT (CR), 21 May 1999, 1A.
96. At an antidrug conference in San José, Costa Rica, in March 1998 both Guatemalan and Costa Rican counternarcotics authorities declared that they would be satisfied to intercept 2 percent. “Heroin: A Growing Threat,” TT (CR), 27 March 1998, 1.
97. See Farrell, “Global Rate of Interception,” and Zaitch, Trafficking Cocaine, 93.
98. See, for instance, United States v. Grayson, 597 F.2d 1225; United States v. Navarro-Varelas, 541 F.2d 1331; and United States v. Gomez, 457 F.2d 593.
99. See “Embarazadas . . . de marihuana,” LP (HO), 18 October 1989, 29, and Centro, “Narcotráfico en Hon-duras,” 8.
100. “Cargaba heroína en su estómago,” LP (HO), 2 September 2009, 66.
101. See “Detienen a cinco mexicanos por introducir cocaína,” LP (PA), 7 January 1997, 5A.
102. CIA, Allegations of Connections, 7.
103. See Dinges, Our Man in Panama, 126; “U.S. Plans to Call Out National Guard,” Christian Science Monitor (US), 29 March 1989, 7.
104. For the alteration of planes to accommodate drug shipments, see United States v. Lee, 743 F.2d at 1244, and United States v. Nichols, 741 F.2d 767.
105. Decker and Chapman, Drug Smugglers, 69, and Reuter, Crawford, and Cave, Sealing the Borders, 46.
106. See “U.S. Radar System Detects Illegal Flights Here,” TT (CR), 9 August 2002, 8, and “Cap-turado avión con cocaína en Quepos,” LN (CR), 3 July 1987, 10A.
107. Shannon, Desperados, 322.
108. Escobar, Accountant’s Story, 64.
109. For the Michael Horn statement, see U.S. Senate, Drug Cartels, 37. One U.S. prosecutor proceeding against air-cargo companies engaged in bulk cocaine imports observed, “What began as single-engine Cessnas island-hopping 100-kilo loads into Florida rapidly evolved into four- to eight-ton loads in Boeing 727s.” “Drug Cartels’ Big Planes Are Big Problem,” WP (US), 6 Feb-ruary 1995, C11.
110. See “Narcotráfico en la frontera Tico-Panameña,” LP (PA), 18 April 2006, 6A.
111. Reuter, Crawford, and Cave, Sealing the Borders, 31; “U.S. Plans,” 7.
112. See INCSR (2002), 4:25; INCSR (2011), 49; Kenney, From Pablo to Osama, 68–69; and Escobar, Accountant’s Story, 68–69. The range of vessels used is illustrated by United States v. Garate-Vergara, 942 F.2d 1543; United States v. Castro, 874 F.2d 230; and United States v. Alvarez, 810 F.2d 879. For submersibles, see “Cocaine-Toting Sub Busted in Pacific Ocean,” TT (CR), 19 September 2008, 8; “Drug Traffic Beneath the Waves,” WP (US), 6 February 2008, A4; and “Cops in Colombia Find Drug Sub,” TR (BZ), 17 September 2000, 23.
113. Until technology improved after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, a five-agent U.S. Customs unit might spend three hours inspecting a single container of a size that would fit behind a tractor trailer. Bartilow and Kihong, “Free Traders,” 124. See also “Drug Smugglers Join,” 1A, and “Drug Cartels Have Best Technology Money Can Buy,” Associated Press, 4 June 1997, 12A.
114. See Andreas, “Smuggling Wars,” 89.
115. For the 1987 through 1995 data, see “Mayor decomiso de cocaína en EEUU,” LN (CR), 20 November 1987, 8A; “U.S. Plans,” 7; “Massive Drug Load Seized in Pinellas,” SPT (US), 5 May 1988, 1A; “Abren nuevas rutas para la cocaína a través de México,” El Gráfico (Guatemala), 16 March 1989, 24; and “Castrillón Henao dirigía vasta red de narcotraficantes,” LP (PA), 25 April 1996, 45A.
116. “Drugs Found on Boat Flying Belize Flag,” TR (BZ), 3 October 2004, 1, and “Droga no pasó por el canal,” LP (PA), 23 March 2007, 8A.
117. “Drug-Busting X-ray Units Land at Port of Miami,” Journal of Commerce, 21 August 1998, 1A.
118. See, for instance, “En Guatemala extraditan a narco reclamado por E.U.,” LP (PA), 15 December 1990, 6A; “Hallan cocaína en barco hondureño,” LP (HO), 20 November 1987, 1; “Coca decomisada vale c. 55 millones,” LN (CR), 15 July 1989, 10A; “Cops Find Cocaine in Butane Gas Tanks,” TR (BZ), 26 July 1987, 10; and “Policía decomisó cocaína en barco norteamericano,” LN (CR), 24 July 1985, 10A.
119. See, for instance, “Autoridades decomisaron unos 12 mil kilos de cocaína,” LN
