See especially Konrad Lorenz’s famous book On Aggression, London: Methuen, 1967.
11 On this subject, see John Hurrell Crook, “The Nature and function of territorial aggression,” in Montagu (ed.), Man and Aggression, 183–217.
12 Examples include Gaia, the primordial earth goddess of Greek mythology, and the Canaanite goddess Asherah.
13 For example, see Homer, The Iliad, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007, 5.212; 9.41, 46.
14 Aeschylus, The Persians, New York: Oxford University Press, 1981, 59. Herodotus’ The History also makes sparing use of the term, primarily to indicate place of origin. See, for example, Herodotus, The History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, 3.140, 4.76.
15 See, for example, Sophocles, Antigone, ll. 183, 200. and Euripides, Medea, ll. 34, 797ff.
16 Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War, 6.69.
17 Ibid., 2.34–46. The Stoic school sometimes employed the term “homeland” to refer to the entire cosmos. In addition, although Greece was never recognized as a homeland, some educated Hellenes possessed a consciousness of shared cultural identity that stemmed from “shared blood” or linguistic and ritual similarity. For example, see Herodotus, The Histories, 8.144, and the famous words of Isocrates in Panegyricus 50.
18 Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates: Four Dialogues, trans. Benjamin Jowett, New York: Dover Publications, 1992, 51.
19 On the complex relationship between autochthonism and politics in Athens, see the articles in Nicole Loraux’s fascinating book Né de la terre. Mythe et politique à Athènes, Paris: Seuil, 1996, and also Marcel Detienne, Comment être autochtone, Paris: Seuil, 2003, 19–59. On the Spartans’ startling concept of space and their unique attitude toward ancestral land, see Irad Malkin, Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
20 Gaius Sallustius Crispus, The Catiline Conspiracy, 58.
21 Cicero, The Catiline Conspiracy, Oration 4.7, in William Duncan, Cicero’s Select Orations Translated into English, London: Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson and J. Evans, 1792, 127.
22 Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, London: Edmund Spettigue, 1841, 78–9.
23 Thomas G. Bergin and Max H. Fisch (eds.), The New Science of Giambattista Vico, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984, 23–4.
24 Ibid., 255.
25 See Augustine’s discussion in The City of God, 5.16, 17.
26 Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981, 233–4. See also Kantorowicz’s brilliant article “Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought,” American Historical Review 56:3 (1951), 472–92.
27 Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life 1400–1800, Glasgow: Collins, 1973, 399.
28 On the people of the Renaissance period, see Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, 24–40.
29 Niccolò Machiavelli, “An Appeal to Take Back Italy and Liberate Her from the Barbarians,” The Prince, Wellesley: Dante University Press, 2003, 131–4. Despite this chapter and a few other comments in his other writings, it would be an exaggeration to portray Machiavelli as a patriotic idealizer of Italy, as does William J. Langdon in Politics, Patriotism and Language, New York: Peter Lang, 2005.
30 Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 25.
31 François Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, New York: Penguin Classics, 2004, 327.
32 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1992, 2–5.
33 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 1.9, New York: Penguin Classics, 1968, 67.
34 True to form, in his advice to the sizable Polish confederation, Rousseau also articulated a contradictory view: to implement aggressive patriotic policies, including indoctrination of the masses. See, for example, Considérations sur le gouvernement de Pologne (1771), Paris: Flammarion, 1990, 172–4.
35 Excerpt from the lyrics of the patriotic US song “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which was written in 1814 and became the national anthem of the United States in 1931.
36 On the patriotic awakening during the Revolution, see Philippe Contamine, “Mourir pour la Patrie: Xe–XXe siècle,” in Pierre Nora (ed.), Les Lieux de mémoire II, La Nation, Paris: Gallimard, 1986, 35–7.
37 Thongchai Winichakul, Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
38 Paul Gilbert, The Philosophy of Nationalism, Boulder: Westview Press, 1998, 97.
39 For one of the first discussions of the relationship between sovereignty and territory, see Jean Gottman’s fascinating but ahistorical work The Significance of Territory, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1973.
40 Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977 (edited by Colin Gordon), New York: Pantheon Books, 1980, 68.
