The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman
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Moss phlox (Phlox subulata)
CANADA GERMANDER, AMERICAN GERMANDER, WOOD SAGE. Family: Mint (Labiatae, Lamiaceae). Genus: Teucrium (T. canadense). Height: 3 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Spikes of lavender or pink, purple-spotted flowers late spring to late summer. Cultivation: Sun/light shade. Medium moist or average garden soil. Nature Note: Native mints attract nectar-seeking butterflies, skippers, long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, beneficial flies, beetles, plant bugs, and other interesting and beneficial insects. Also: SMOOTH HEDGENETTLE, p. 91.
Canada germander (Teucrium canadense)
SWEET CICELY. Family: Parsley/Carrot (Apiaceae, Umbelliferae). Genus: Osmorhiza (O. claytonii). Height: 2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Clusters of tiny white flowers May, June. “The delicate fern-like leaves of the Sweet Cicely in early spring carpet the forest floor in open sunny woodlands.”61 Anise- or licorice-scented roots. Cultivation: Shade. Medium moist, or average garden soil. Nature Note: Members of the Parsley family are the sole hosts plants for the Missouri/Ozark woodland swallowtail (Papilio joanae) (p. 34) and the parsnip/black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) (p. 34). A variety of carrot/parsley species extends the breeding season for these butterflies. The flowers attract nectar-seeking and pollen-collecting bees, flies, and other beneficial insects.
Sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii)
More Native Alternatives:
GREEK VALERIAN, p. 10; NORTHERN BEDSTRAW, p. 20.
Nonnative:
GLOBEFLOWER. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Trollius; ASIAN GLOBEFLOWER (T. asiaticus); CHINESE GLOBEFLOWER (T. Chinensis); COMMON GLOBEFLOWER (T. europaeus). There are hybrids and cultivars including HYBRID GLOBEFLOWER (T. × cultorum). Origin: China, Europe. Height: 2–3 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Showy, solitary globular yellow flowers. Foliage is lobed and dark green. Cultivation: Sun/partial shade. Heavy moist soil.
Common globeflower (Trollius europaeus)
Native Alternative:
AMERICAN GLOBEFLOWER. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Trollius (T. laxus). Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Yellow flowers April to June. Cultivation: Sun. Wet soil. Note: In the Midwest, native only to Ohio.
More Native Alternatives:
CELANDINE POPPY, p. 21; MARSH MARIGOLD, p. 22.
Nonnative:
GLORY-OF-THE-SNOW. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Chionodoxa (C. luciliae, C. forbesii). Origin: Asia Minor. Height: 4–6 inches. Ornamental Attributes: White-centered blue early spring flowers. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil. Aggressive, self-seeding ephemeral. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest.
Glory-of-the-snow (Chionodoxa forbesii Baker syn. Chionodoxa luciliae)
Native Alternative:
TOADFLAX, BLUE TOADFLAX, CANADA TOADFLAX, OLD FIELD TOADFLAX. Family: Snapdragon/Figwort (Scrophulariaceae; Plantaginaceae). Genus: Nuttallanthus or Linaria (N. or L. canadensis). Height: 6–24 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Small tubular blue or violet flowers April to September. Masses create a haze of blue. Cultivation: Sun. Dry or rocky soil. Self-seeding biennial. Note: Endangered in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Hosts the buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia). Attracts nectar-seeking adult butterflies and skippers. Bumblebees and other long-tongued bees are the primary pollinators. Notes: Do not confuse with invasive toadflax from Europe (L. vulgaris). See Thomas Nuttall and John Josselyn notes in the appendix.
Buckeye (Junonia coenia)
Toadflax (Nuttallanthus canadensis)
More Native Alternatives:
BLUE-EYED GRASSES, p. 44; BLUETS, p. 32; HEPATICAS, pp. 51–52; SHOOTING STARS, p. 66; SNOW TRILLIUM, p. 67; SPRING BEAUTY, p. 65; VIOLET WOODSORREL, p. 72; YELLOW STAR-GRASS, p. 35.
Nonnative:
GRAPE HYACINTH, ARMENIAN HYACINTH, COMMON HYACINTH. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Muscari Mill. (M. armeniacum, M. botryoides). There are many species and cultivars. Origin: Greece, Armenia. Height: 6–8 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Spikes of blue flowers April, May. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil. Aggressive self-seeding ephemeral that is difficult to eradicate. Invasiveness Note: Grape hyacinth species are naturalized or invasive throughout most of the Midwest.