of Music (New York, Anchor, 1965), Introduction. Nietzsche associates here the powerful spirit of Wagner with that of Dionysus. In both he perceives an inspiration by the irrational forces of life that he considers the necessary complements to rational and aesthetic concepts.
29. Paul de Lagarde, Deutsche Schriften (originally published in 1874) (Munich, Dürr, 1924), pp. 276–277. Alfred Rosenberg cited him in Mythos of the Twentieth Century. See Henry Hatfield, “The Myth of Nazism” in Henry Murray, ed., Myth and Mythmaking (New York, Putnam’s Sons 1960), pp. 199–239. One of the most authoritative studies on de Lagarde and his influences is Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961). See also Mosse, pp. 31–51.
30. Julius Langbehn, Rembrandt als Erzieher (Leipzig, Selbstverlag, 1927). (Originally, the work was published anonymously and merely bore the reference: “Von einem Deutschen” (By a German).
31. In a Nazi-oriented analysis, Hippler excuses de Lagarde in that, unfortunately, in his time racial theories had only partially been developed. See Fritz Hippler, Staat und Gesellschaft bei Mill, Marx, Lagarde. Ein Beitrag zum soziologischen Denken der Gegenwart (Berlin, Junker und Dünnhaupt, 1937), p. 161 and p. 230.
32. Bartels was a student of Professor Sauer who taught a “Volkish approach” to literature in Prague. Nadler, in turn, was Bartels’ student. See Josef Nadler, Literaturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes: Dichtung der deutschen Stämme und Landschaften (Berlin, Junker und Dünnhaupt, 1941).
33. On behalf of Jahn’s and Arndt’s concept of the individual consult Kohn, p. 215, and also: Wolfgang Emmerich, Zur Kritik der Volkstumsideologie (Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1961), pp. 24–26. According to de Lagarde himself, the German character was distinguished by his originality and his quest for independence and solitude. See de Lagarde, p. 278. It should be noted, however, that the Romantic and “Volkish” writers did recognize the individual’s “organic links” with ethnic groups based on language, culture, and tradition.
34. See Horst Geissler, Dekadenz und Heroismus. Zeitroman und nationalsozialistische Literaturkritik (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1964), p. 50 and pp. 250–257.
35. Martin Broszat, Die nationalsozialistische Weltanschauung: Programm und Wirklichkeit (Series: Schriftenreihe der niedersächsischen Landeszentrale für politische Bildung. Heft No. 8) (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1960), pp. 1–5.
36. Irene Graebsch, Geschichte des deutschen Jugendbuches (Leipzig, A. Harrassowitz, 1942), pp. 193–196. See also: Franz Schonauer, Deutsche Literatur im Dritten Reich (Freiburg im Breisgau, Walter Verlag, 1961), pp. 28–30. Schonauer made the distinction between the Aesthetic movement and the Volkish movement within the Art Education movement.
37. Heinrich Wolgast, Das Elend unserer Jugendliteratur. Beiträge und künstlerische Erziehung unserer Jugend (Hamburg, Selbstverlag, 1950). The work was first published in 1896.
38. “Was Wir Wollen” (Editorial) Jugendschriften-Warte I (1893), pp. 1–7.
39. Graebsch, pp. 116–124 and Prestel, pp. 90–98.
40. Wolgast became the Chief Editor of the Jugendschriften-Warte and was supported in his ideals and endeavors by the German Children’s Literature Association for more than a decade—until Rüttgers challenged him. Kunze, pp. 66–69.
41. Ibid. Reprinted on pp. 80–81. The review originally appeared in 1894.
42. Graebsch, pp. 201–220.
43. Ibid.
44. Clara Zetkin, SPD Protokoll vom Parteitag der SPD 1916, Mannheim. For a documentation consult Kunze, p. 74 and p. 80.
45. Severin Rüttgers, Deutsche Dichtung in der Volksschule (Leipzig, Dürr’sche Buchhandlung, 1914) and Erweckung des Volkes durch seine Dichtung (Leipzig, Dürr’sche Buchhandlung, 1919). The second work was reprinted by Dürr in 1933, after the Nazis’ seizure of power.
46. Graebsch, pp. 195–210 and Kunze, pp. 67–70.
47. The series Blaue Bändchen and Grüne Bändchen included not only folktales, chapbooks and regional legends, as well as Nordic Germanic myths and hero tales, but regional novels (Heimatbücher), too. Other series were inspired by Rüttgers but not edited by him, such as the Wiesbadener Volksbücher and Bunte Jugendbücher. See also Georg Lukácz, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft Berlin, Luchterhand, 1955), pp. 551–552.
48. This refers to a comment made by John Barfaut. See Peter Aley, Jugendliteratur im Dritten Reich: Dokumente und Kommentare (Hamburg, Verlag für Buchmarktforschung, 1969), p. 215.
49. Prestel, pp. 91–95.
50. Graebsch, p. 225.
51. Ibid. See also H.L. Köster, Geschichte der deutschen Jugendliteratur (Munich-Pullach, Verlag Dokumentation, 1968) 4th ed.
52. Hamburger Prüfungsausschüsse, (Hamburg Committee on the Evaluation of Children’s Literature) “Liste gegenwartsbetonter Bücher” (1933) cited in Graebsch, pp. 226–227.
53. Ibid., pp. 228–230.
54. Susanne Charlotte Engelmann, German Education and Re-Education (New York, International University Press, 1945), Chapter 2.
55. Peter Hasubek, Das Deutsche Lesebuch in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Ein Beitrag zur Literaturpädagogik zwischen 1933 und 1945 (Hannover, Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1972), Introduction.
56. Mosse, pp. 218–225. The citation stems from Lewis Hertzmann, DNVP. Right Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1924 (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1963), p. 162. See also: Werner Maser, Die Frühgeschichte der N.S.D.A.P.: Hitlers Weg bis 1924 (Frankfurt, Athenaeum), pp. 258–259.
57. Hans Joachim Gamm, Der braune Kult: Das Dritte Reich und seine Ersatzreligion. Ein Beitrag zur politischen Bildung (Hamburg, Rütten und Loening, 1962), pp. 188–206.
58. Mosse, p. 229. Other Volkish-political groups were: Völkischer Schutzund Trutzbund; Reichskammerbund; Hochschulring deutscher Art. The last one especially influenced higher education in regard to the “Nordic Renaissance.”
59. Ibid., pp. 302–303.
60. Ibid., pp. 224–225.
61. Adolf Bartels, Deutsches Schrifttum: Jüdische Herkunft und Literaturwissenschaft (Leipzig, H. Haessel Verlag, 1921).
62. For a general discussion consult Werner Klose, Lebensformen deutscher Jugend: Vom Wandervogel zur Popgeneration (Munich, Günter Olzog Verlag, 1970), and Harry Pross, Vor und nach Hitler: Zur deutschen Sozialpathalogie (Freiburg/Breisgau, Walter Verlag, 1962), Chapter 1. Also: Walter Z. Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement (New York, Basic Books, 1962).
63. Flex, cited by Laqueur, p. 47. Flex’s work was first published in Munich, 1916, and it went through numerous re-editions. During the Nazi period it was among the ten works with the highest number of copies printed, partially because it had retained popularity, and partially because the Nazis promoted it actively within the context of the Hitler Youth Organization. See Dietrich Strothmann, Nationalsozialistische Literaturpolitik (Bonn, Bouvier, 1968),
