prophet is not to overcome his resistance to the call but is to strengthen his weakness as a frail human in the face of a difficult task (“son of man”; see comments Ezek 2:1).
The glory of God is central to the message of the book of Ezekiel. Much of the first half of the book records Ezekiel’s efforts to convince his fellow exiles that judgment on Jerusalem was both certain and imminent. An important validation of this is the prophet’s vision that God’s glory was departing from the temple, thereby allowing its destruction (Ezek 8–10). Conversely, the presence of God serves as a reminder to the exiles that God has not abandoned them. Not only does the glory appear to Ezekiel at the outset of his ministry in Babylonian territory, but God assures them that for the time of exile he is nevertheless a sanctuary to them (Ezek 11:16). The book of Ezekiel concludes with an encouraging vision of an ideal temple by which the Lord would be present in their midst (Ezek 48:35).
Special Topic: Cherubim
Ezekiel’s vision of the glory of God strikes modern westerners as wildly bizarre. Indeed, Ezekiel’s struggle to find language to describe what he saw suggests that he himself was overwhelmed. However, in several respects, what he saw conformed to his own sensibilities, since God appears to him in a way that accommodates Ezekiel’s cultural expectations of features associated with deities on thrones.
The bulk of Ezekiel’s description pertains to the four living creatures that carry the throne of God. A common feature in ancient Near Eastern palaces and temples was composite creatures that guarded the entrances and in some cases served as part of the throne itself. Egypt and Canaan are known for sphinxes, most often composed of a lion’s body, sometimes with wings, and a human head. But in Mesopotamia, where Ezekiel was living, such guardian creatures had human heads, often on the bodies of winged bulls or lions, sometimes with wings on human bodies, as in the background to Ezekiel’s vision. Horns on their heads indicate that they participated in the heavenly realm as lesser “deities” (we might call them “angelic”). These representations of supernatural guardians gave warning that one dare not approach the divine presence presumptuously. For a priest such as Ezekiel, the imagery would have been all the more familiar, being acquainted as he was with the winged cherubs guarding the Jerusalem temple and ark (footstool of God’s throne; Pss 99:1; 132:7–8; cf. Gen 3:24) and “carrying” God as would a chariot (Ps 18:10; 1 Chr 28:18). The four different faces do not have exact parallel with any known archeological artifacts; however, figurines and descriptions of deities from the ancient world feature two or four faces, suggesting “all observing potency.”12
Interpretive Highlights
1:1 I was among the exiles: The location of God’s appearance is important to the message of the book. The Jews in exile felt cut off from life in the land of their ancestors; and in fact, their kin still living in Jerusalem and Judah evidently no longer regarded them as fellow heirs of the land promised to the Patriarchs (Ezek 11:15). Indeed, they were in exile as a result of God’s judgment against Judah and enforcement of covenant sanctions (Deut 28:64–65; Jer 52:3). The word order in the Hebrew text of v. 3 stresses the word “there,” highlighting the importance of God’s presence in their midst to raise up a prophet to admonish and eventually to encourage these people.
1:4 a windstorm . . . glowing metal: Ezekiel’s first impression was an approaching storm at the center of which was glowing metal. Some of this imagery recalls the manifestation of God’s glory when he first appeared to Israel on Mt. Sinai (Exod 19:16; cf. Deut 33:1). Such displays were understood in the ancient Near East as the appearance of a divine warrior (Ps 18:8–14; Hab 3:3–9).13 The word for “metal” is used only in Ezekiel (Ezek 1:4, 27; 8:2) and refers to a semi-precious stone or possibly amber, known for its brilliant reflection or refraction of light.14
1:10 their faces: After describing the four creatures generally (Ezek 1:4–9), Ezekiel proceeds to expand in detail. Each of the different kinds of faces suggests an important attribute of the creature: as for the human face, human nature is distinct in its capacity to image God in relationship and rule (Gen 1:26–28; Ps 8:6–8). In contrast to animals, a particular dignity and intellectual prowess is associated with it (Dan 4:16, 33–34, 36). This human face corresponds to their dominant form, humanlike in appearance (Ezek 1: 5). The lion was the most deadly and fearsome of beasts (Num 23:24; Judg 14:18; Prov 30:30; Amos 3:8). Oxen were associated with strength (Num 23:22; “wild ox”). But perhaps the point in Ezekiel’s vision is the ox’s status as greatest among the domesticated beasts (Deut 33:17; “bull” in NIV). This particular word for “ox” is mostly associated with the domesticated cattle (e.g., Deut 25:4; 1 Sam 12:3). This contrasts with the lion who presided over the wild domain. Eagles were revered for their swiftness (2 Sam 1:23; Jer 4:13) and enduring strength (Isa 40:31; Ezek 17:3) as well as being a terror of the sky (Job 9:26; Jer 49:22). These creatures in Ezekiel’s vision were not to be trifled with, nor the God of glory whose throne they carried.
1:12 Wherever the spirit would go: The wings were positioned so as to touch tip to tip. This formed a square that could move in any compass direction with one of the creatures always facing forward (omni-directional). The “spirit” that impelled them was associated with their wheels (Ezek 1:20) yet was a property of the creatures themselves (Ezek 10:17). So while God on his throne would determine the direction, the driving force energizing life was within the creatures, not identical with God’s Spirit.15 The word translated “spirit” can refer to an energizing force that vitalizes or gives direction, not necessarily a personal agent such as God or another supernatural being (e.g., Gen 45:27; Num 14:24; Hos 4:12). However, as Block argues, the energizing power of life derives ultimately from God in Ezekiel’s theology.16
1:13 burning coals of fire: Fire both destroys and purifies, depending on the application of it. It corresponds to the weapons of a divine warrior (Ps 18:13, translated “bolts of lightning” in NIV), but it also refers to coals from the sacrificial altar used in the atonement ritual and so part of purification (Lev 16:12; cf. Isa 6:4–5).
1:15 a wheel on the ground beside each creature: The wheels appear to be functionally similar to casters, capable of omnidirectional movement (cf. Ezek 1:16–17). Corresponding to this, the eyes probably signify complete situational awareness, the impact of which was frightening (“awesome,” NIV). Overall, one has the impression of a war chariot that is lightning swift, maneuverable, and responsive to any and all situations—formidable equipment of a divine warrior (2 Sam 22:11; Ps 18:10).
1:22–25 a vault . . . a voice: Similar to the vision of God’s glory experienced by the elders of Israel (Exod 24:10), Ezekiel observes the floor of heaven above the creatures.17 However, the primary emphasis on this section is the movement and sound of the creatures’ wings that prepares for the vision of God himself. As for the four wings possessed by each creature (mentioned earlier; Ezek 1:11), two covered its body. A similar use of wings by the seraphim in Isaiah’s vision suggests that these creatures shielded their bodies in modest deference to the presence of God (Isa 6:2). What Ezekiel stresses here is the thunderous and frightening intensity of the sound of their movement (rushing waters, an army on the march), which corresponds in amplitude to the voice of God (v. 25) who addresses Ezekiel in the next moment. The repetition that the creatures stand still with lowered wings (vv. 24–25) prepares for the emergence of God’s voice on the scene (mentioned between this repetition). The implication is that even these fabulous creatures still themselves when God is about to act (cf. the sun and moon become paralyzed by God’s movement, Hab 3:11).
1:26 a figure like that of a man: Ezekiel’s first impression when looking through the expanse is the vision of a throne; God’s royal character dominates. As he gazes upon
