wanting to offer more guidance for clergy in these matters, Pope Gregory the Great contributed to a more formal understanding of pastoral care along these classical lines. He published Liber regulae pastoralis (The Book of Pastoral Rule) (c. 590 CE), which is most often translated in English as Pastoral Care. This publication furthered the work of John Chrysostom in the fourth century, especially as found in his tract titled On the Priesthood (386 CE). Both of these ministers of the church were concerned with guiding the “care of souls” in more intentional and precise ways. Gregory’s work spawned a body of literature called pastorilia, which increasingly became normative for clergy instruction and development. The influence of this literature lasted through the medieval period and the Protestant Reformation, with the latter being marked by such well-known works as Martin Bucer’s On the True Cure of Souls (1538) and Richard Baxter’s The Reformed Pastor (1656), both of which speak to matters of “soul-care,” albeit in different ways.
3. These concerns also fell largely within the realm of “the private,” which contributed further to their social taboos and lack of acceptance.
4. For a fuller account of my perspective on souls see Cole (2008c).
5. I share Moltmann’s rejection of Platonic dualism, which splits soul and body, and thus I use “soul” to denote the locus for relationship of the human being, in toto, to the living God.
6. An ancient Jewish understanding held the soul (nephesh) to be enlivened by the spirit (ruach), which means that soul and spirit, although distinct, nevertheless remain inseparable themselves. This view suggests that those who speak in terms of “spiritual” conditions or matters of one’s “spiritual life” are also interested in soul-care. In fact, soul-care requires spiritual attention (see Cole, 2008c, 12–14).
7. I have written about the place of “the Christian story” in matters of both pastoral care and self-care (see Cole, 2008b and 2008c).
8. When referrals are legitimately called for, however, pastoral caregivers may continue to meet with the referred party for pastoral care while he or she is also receiving services from other professionals—that is, while he or she is in therapy.
9. Here I should distinguish between pastoral counseling and pastoral care. Professional pastoral counselors who hold certification in a sanctioning body such as the American Association of Pastoral Counselors, and/or who hold state-issued licenses to practice, are qualified to offer various kinds of therapies by virtue of their extensive and specialized training.
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