52Tanney, Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge.
53The article forms chapter 5 of Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge, pp. 103–32.
54Tanney, Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge, p. 109.
55This paper was originally published in C. Sandis (ed.), New Essays on the Explanation of Action, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 94–111, and was reprinted as chapter 7 of Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge, pp. 149–70.
56Tanney, Rules, Reason, and Self-Knowledge, p. 154.
57Ibid., pp. 156–57.
58As I mentioned in the introduction, Peg O’Connor objects to metaethical theories for their scientism with regard to the role that they give to causation. She notes that within metaethics ‘there is a tendency to assimilate reasons to causes … Reasons and causes, however, have very different aims and play very different roles in our lives’. See her Morality and Our Complicated Form of Life, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 115–17.
59Neurath, ‘Physicalism’, p. 50.
60See Bennett and Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience, pp. 362–66, for more on this.
61Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, §109.
62Ibid., §246, §§250–51, §253.
63S. Zeki, ‘Splendours and Miseries of the Brain’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 354, 1999, pp. 2053–65.
64P. M. Churchland, ‘Folk Psychology’, in S. Guttenplan (ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, pp. 310–11.
65Hawking made these claims at Google’s Zeitgeist conference in 2011. See ‘Stephen Hawking Tells Google “Philosophy Is Dead”’, in The Telegraph, 17 May 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8520033/Stephen-Hawking-tells-Google-philosophy-is-dead.html (accessed 24 October 2016).
66L. Wittgenstein, Big Typescript, pp. 423–24 (page 312e of The Big Typescript: TS 213, German-English Scholars’ edition, edited and translated by C. Grant Luckhardt and Maximilian A. E. Aue, Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).
67Ibid., 220, §111.
68Wittgenstein, Blue and Brown Books, p. 26.
69Wittgenstein, On Certainty.
70See, e.g. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, §246.
71Ibid., p. 404.
72In Chapter 7 I will look in more depth at problems with eliminativism – the philosophical approach of Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland.
73See Bennett and Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience, pp. 376–77, where they develop this criticism of Churchland and present other similar criticisms. There are detailed objections to both Zeki and Churchland on pp. 366–77 and 396–407 of Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience.
74See Bennett and Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience, p. 373, for a discussion of progress in psychology.
75See chapter 2 of W. Köhler, Gestalt Psychology, Liveright: New York, 1929.
76L. Wittgenstein, ‘Philosophy of Psychology – A Fragment’, in Philosophical Investigations, 4th edition, §371.
77L. Wittgenstein, Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. 1, edited by G. H. Von Wright and H. Nyman, translated by C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue, Blackwell: Oxford, 1982, §767.
78L. Wittgenstein, Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. 1, edited by G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. Von Wright, translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, Blackwell: Oxford, 1980, §1066–68.
79Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, §246.
80J. Dupré, ‘Social Science: City Center or Leafy Suburb’, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, May 2016, pp. 8–9. Dupré asks, ‘Is there […] anything in principle unscientific about the delineation of the rules that exist in a particular society?’ and answers, ‘I cannot see why. Language is profoundly normative, but this does not make the science of linguistics impossible.’
81See, e.g. ‘The War against Humanities at Britain’s Universities’, in The Guardian, 29 March 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/mar/29/war-against-humanities-at-britains-universities (accessed 26 September 2016).
82F. R. Leavis, ‘Two Cultures? The Significance of C. P. Snow (1962)’, in Two Cultures? The Significance of C. P. Snow with an introduction by Stefan Collini, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–74.
83R. Backhouse, The Puzzle of Modern Economics:
