• Hierarchy should be flexible and undergo changes,
• Superiors and subordinates are interdependent,
• Everyone in an organisation should have equal rights,
• The dominant concepts in an organisation emphasise the significance of employees and their involvement and participation in the managerial process.
The dimension of hierarchy vs. equality is primal in relation to the dimension of authoritarianism vs. democracy (participation). Authoritarianism means striving for a one-person, unquestionable way of making decisions in an organisation, while democracy means striving for a group (fully participatory) decision-making process. The dimension of hierarchy vs. equality is also primal in relation to the dimension of power centralisation117. In G. Hofstede’s concept, the dimension of hierarchy-equality corresponds to the distance in power relations. A large distance means orientation towards hierarchy, while a small distance means equality118.
Individualism means putting the value of an individual before the interests of a social group. This is related to striving for the freedom of individuals and a ←71 | 72→belief that individual interests are most important. According to this belief, organisations should focus on the motives and competences of individuals, rather than teams. Fulfilling individual interests can lead to organisational success, as this favours rivalries and competitive attitudes, as well as nonconformist behaviour. An organisation is perceived as a group of individuals who have conflicting interests. S. Lukes emphasises the following basic elements of individualism: human dignity, self-determination and the autonomy of individuals, respect for privacy and the possibility to fulfil oneself119. In organisations, individualism is manifested by: (1) treating individual freedom as the priority value, (2) the acceptance of individual attempts at independence, (3) a preference for individual interests, (4) orientation towards rivalries and (5) creating the cult of personality (lone heroes or charismatic leaders). Individualism in an organisation may be determined with the use of the following methodological indicators120:
• Individual interests are more important than the interests of the organisation,
• The organisation is a group of individuals who have different interests,
• Rivalry between employees is indispensable,
• The organisation is based on eminent individuals,
• Interests of the organisation and individuals diverge,
• The organisation functions thanks to the freedom of individuals,
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
