of the pressures building up within the late medieval church. Instability was on the increase. It is clear that some kind of shake-up was inevitable. In the end, it took the form of the Reformation, as we now know it. A significant additional element within this process of destabilization of existing medieval religious beliefs and practices was the rise of Renaissance humanism. It was not long before the new methods of humanism were raising serious questions about some aspects of the doctrinal heritage of the medieval church. We shall explore this development in the following chapter.
For Further Reading
1 Bagchi, David V. N. Luther’s Earliest Opponents: Catholic Controversialists, 1518–25. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2009.
2 Bailey, Michael. “The Disenchantment of Magic: Spells, Charms, and Superstition in Early European Witchcraft Literature.” American Historical Review 111 (2006): 383–404.
3 Barbier, Frédéric. Gutenberg’s Europe: The Book and the Invention of Western Modernity. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2016.
4 Bernard, George W. The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability before the Break with Rome. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
5 Biow, Douglas. On the Importance of Being an Individual in Renaissance Italy: Men, Their Professions, and Their Beards. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
6 Bynum, Caroline Walker. Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe. New York, NY: Zone Books, 2015.
7 Christman, Robert J. Doctrinal Controversy and Lay Religiosity in Late Reformation Germany. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
8 Close, Christopher W. The Negotiated Reformation: Imperial Cities and the Politics of Urban Reform, 1525–1550. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
9 Cohen, Walter. “The Rise of the Written Vernacular: Europe and Eurasia.” PMLA 126, no. 3 (2011): 719–29.
10 Copenhaver, Brian. Magic in Western Culture: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
11 Delumeau, Jean. Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire. London: Burns & Oates, 1977.
12 Duffy, Eamon. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400–c. 1580. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
13 Duffy, Eamon. The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
14 Edwards, Mark U. Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2005.
15 Hillman, Jennifer. Female Piety and the Catholic Reformation in France. London: Routledge, 2015.
16 Hornbeck, J. Patrick, ed. A Companion to Lollardy. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
17 Johnson, Ian. The Middle English Life of Christ: Academic Discourse, Translation, and Vernacular Theology. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013 .
18 Katajala-Peltomaa, Sari. Lived Religion and the Long Reformation in Northern Europe c. 1300–1700. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
19 Klaassen, Frank F. The Transformations of Magic: Illicit Learned Magic in the Later Middle Ages and Renaissance. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2013.
20 Lambert, Malcolm. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
21 Laursen, John Christian, Cary J. Nederman, and Ian Hunter. Heresy in Transition: Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge, 2016.
22 Lutton, Robert. Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England: Reconstructing Piety. Woodbridge, ON: Royal Historical Society in association with the Boydell Press, 2011.
23 Marshall, Peter H. The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague. New York, NY: Walker & Company, 2006.
24 Martin, John Jeffries. “Inventing Sincerity, Refashioning Prudence: The Discovery of the Individual in Renaissance Europe.” American Historical Review 102 (1997): 1309–42.
25 Martin, John Jeffries. Myths of Renaissance Individualism. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
26 McGrath, Alister E. The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
27 McSheffrey, Shannon. “Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion 1480–1525.” Past and Present 186 (2005): 47–80.
28 Muldoon, James. Bridging the Medieval-Modern Divide: Medieval Themes in the World of the Reformation. London: Routledge, 2016.
29 Olszewski, Mikołaj, ed. What Is ‘Theology’ in the Middle Ages? Münster: Aschendorff, 2007.
30 Page, Sophie. ‘Medieval Magic,’ in The Oxford Illustrated History of Witchcraft and Magic, edited by Owen Davies, 29–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
31 Peters, Christine. Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
32 Pettegree, Andrew. The Book in the Renaissance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
33 Rubin, Jared. “Printing and Protestants: An Empirical Test of the Role of Printing in the Reformation.” Review of Economics and Statistics 96, no. 2 (2014): 270–86.
34 Russell, Alexander. Conciliarism and Heresy in Fifteenth-Century England: Collective Authority in the Age of the General Councils. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
35 Russell, Camilla. “Religious Reforming Currents in Sixteenth-Century Italy: The Spirituali and the Tridentine Debates over Church Reform.” Journal of Religious History 38 (2014): 437–75.
36 Scase, Wendy. Piers Plowman and the New Anticlericalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
37 Serina, Richard J. Nicholas of Cusa’s Brixen Sermons and Late Medieval Church Reform. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
38 Tanner, Norman P. The Ages of Faith: Popular Religion in Late Medieval England and Western Europe. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
39 van den Berg, Michiel A. Friends of Calvin. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2009.
40 Watkins, Carl. “‘Folklore’ and ‘Popular Religion’ in Britain During the Middle Ages.” Folklore 115, no. 2 (2004): 140–50.
41 Zambelli, Paola. White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance: From Ficino, Pico, Della Porta to Trithemius, Agrippa, Bruno. Boston, MA: Brill, 2007.
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