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501
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503
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Darcus Howe calls an Asian an Asian // New Statesman. 2005. 17 January (http://www.newstatesman.com/200501170009). Впрочем, враждебность европейцев и, в частности, британского общества к мусульманам возникла задолго до событий 11 сентября, и именно она влияла на сложение там мусульманской идентичности. См.: Bonnett A. Radicalism, anti-racism and representation. London: Routledge, 1993. P. 26; Rattansi A. On being and not being Brown/Black-British… P. 130; Hargreaves A. G., Leaman J. Racism in contemporary Western Europe: an overview // Hargreaves A. G., Leaman J. (eds.). Racism, ethnicity and politics in contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995. P. 15; Husbands Ch. T. ‘They must obey our laws and customs!’: political debate about Muslim assimilability in Great Britain, France and the Netherlands // Hargreaves A. G., Leaman J. (eds.). Racism, ethnicity and politics in contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995. P. 115–130; Alexander C. Beyond black… P. 564. Определенную роль в демонизации ислама и мусульманского мира сыграла Война в Заливе 1991 г., которую иногда называют «первой войной эпохи постмодерна». См.: Stafford W. W. If we live in a «Post» Era, is there a post-racism? // Bowser B. P., Hunt R. G. (eds.). Impacts of racism on White Americans. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1996. P. 118–119.
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Lentin A. Racism and anti-racism in Europe. London: Pluto Press, 2004. P. 118. Правда, французские антирасисты иной раз применяют термин «иностранцы» для выходцев из европейских стран, тем самым отличая их от африканских «иммигрантов». Во Франции корни враждебности к выходцам из Северной Африки уходят в довоенный период. См.: House J. Contexts for ‘integration’ and exclusion in modern and contemporary France // Hargreaves A. G., Leaman J. (eds.). Racism, ethnicity and politics in contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995. P. 87.
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