as observed in six wells in the ...Fig. 3.7 (a) The current distribution of overpressure in the Gulf of Mexico ...Fig. 3.8 In this diagram, by assuming a Rayleigh number (Ra) for the onset o...Fig. 3.9 Locations of (a) the Great Basin; and (b) Borax Lake (Fairley and H...Fig. 3.10 (a) Location and (b) interpolated (simulated) near‐surface tempera...Fig. 3.11 (a) Set-up and boundary conditions of a numerical model describing...Fig. 3.12 Diagram showing the stages of development of saline groundwater in...Fig. 3.13 In this diagram, salinity distributions in aquifers on the contine...Fig. 3.14 Graph showing depth versus salinity relationships for three sedime...Fig. 3.15 Diagram showing the schematic evolution of the Western Canada Sedi...Fig. 3.16 Location map of the Williston Basin showing the Devonian limestone...Fig. 3.17 Conceptual hydrogeological cross‐section depicting: (a) the presen...Fig. 3.18 (a) Plot of groundwater oxygen‐isotope ratios and salinity (total ...Fig. 3.19 Diagram showing the hydrogeology of ice‐sheet margins. Englacial p... 4 Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 The structure of the water molecule showing the dipole created by t...Fig. 4.2 Water molecules surrounding a positively charged cation and a negat...Fig. 4.3 Location of 14 British spas referenced in Table 4.4 (Mather 2013)....Fig. 4.4 The former Robert Cain Brewery, Stanhope Street, Liverpool, situate...Fig. 4.5 Schematic model showing the evolution of the chemical character of ...Fig. 4.6 Schematic diagram of the evolution of groundwater along a flowpath ...Fig. 4.7 Map of the extent of the Upper Floridan aquifer showing the relatio...Fig. 4.8 Hydrogeological section of part of the Upper Floridan aquifer. The ...Fig. 4.9 Hydrochemical section along line A‐A′ (see Fig. 4.7) showing the va...Fig. 4.10 Flow cell with inserted measurement probes for monitoring the well...Fig. 4.11 Distribution diagrams of (a) Na+ and (b) Cl− concentrations ...Fig. 4.12 Schoeller (semi‐logarithmic) diagram illustrating near‐surface gro...Fig. 4.13 Simple graphical representation of major ion analyses of groundwat...Fig. 4.14 Trilinear diagram of major ion analyses of groundwaters from the M...Fig. 4.15 Durov diagram of major ion analyses of groundwaters from the Milli...Fig. 4.16 (a) Identification using a trilinear diagram and (b) mapping of th...Fig. 4.17 Graphical methods for exploring hydrochemical processes. The X–Y p...Fig. 4.18 Site plan showing points of solvent use and soil gas concentration...Fig. 4.19 Activity coefficient, γ, as a function of ionic strength for ...Fig. 4.20 Percentage distribution of inorganic carbon species in water as a ...Fig. 4.21 Dissolved species in water in equilibrium with calcite as a functi...Fig. 4.22 Map of the geology and groundwater level contours for the Jurassic...Fig. 4.23 Hydrochemical sections showing major and minor anion (a) and catio...Fig. 4.24 Cross‐plots of calcite saturation index versus dolomite saturation...Fig. 4.25 Schematic representation of the development of open‐ and closed‐sy...Fig. 4.26 Chemical evolution paths for water dissolving calcite at 15 °C for...Fig. 4.27 Graphical representation of the modelled open‐ and closed‐system c...Fig. 4.28 Pictorial representation of (a) adsorption and (b) cation exchange...Fig. 4.29 Hydrogeochemical trends in the Lincolnshire Limestone for Ca2+, MgFig. 4.30 The central area of a Piper diagram showing the distribution of hy...Fig. 4.31 Spatial distribution of hydrochemical water types defined in Fig. ...Fig. 4.32 Stability diagram showing fields of solid and dissolved forms of F...Fig. 4.33 Variation in the concentration of the major dissolved species affe...Fig. 4.34 Downgradient hydrogeological and hydrochemical cross‐section of th...Fig. 4.35 Stability diagram showing fields of dissolved and gaseous forms of...Fig. 4.36 Depth profiles of groundwater pH,
5 Chapter 5Fig. 5.1 The δ2H versus δ18O relationship for Western and Central...Fig. 5.2 Contour maps of δ18O and δ2H in recent (i.e. within the ...Fig. 5.3 Record of monthly precipitation amount and composite δ18O valu...Fig. 5.4 Schematic cross‐section showing a conceptual model of the extent an...Fig. 5.5 (a) Hydrogeological cross‐section of bedrock aquifers of Estonia sh...Fig. 5.6 Cross‐plot of δ2H versus δ18O for groundwaters in souther...Fig. 5.7 Diagram illustrating the possible isotopic shifts from the WMWL on ...Fig. 5.8 Summary of the ranges of δ15N values of nitrate for commonly o...Fig. 5.9 (a) The variation in δ15N composition of groundwater nitrate f...Fig. 5.10 Sulphur isotope values (δ34S) for various sources of sulphur ...Fig. 5.11 (a) Variation in δ34S composition of dissolved sulphate from ...Fig. 5.12 (a) Numbered sampling sites and the distribution of basic hydroche...Fig. 5.13 Variations in mean monthly tritium concentrations in precipitation...Fig. 5.14 Sequential profiles of (a) tritium and (b)
6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1 Diagram illustrating the inputs, flowpaths and outputs within a riv...Fig. 6.2 The copper 5‐inch standard rain gauge used by the UK Meteorological...Fig. 6.3 Calculation of area‐weighted average rainfall amount using the meth...Fig. 6.4 Mean annual rainfall over the United Kingdom, 1961–1990, compiled b...Fig. 6.5 Sketch of the occurrence of water within unsaturated material showi...Fig. 6.6 Methods for the measurement of the physical properties of soils: (a...Fig. 6.7 Field soil moisture monitoring station with an installed capacitanc...Fig. 6.8 Single‐value characteristic curves showing the relationship of (a) ...Fig. 6.9 Soil characteristic curves showing the variation of volumetric mois...Fig. 6.10 Hypothetical depth profiles of (a) volumetric moisture content, θ...Fig. 6.11 Schematic diagram of the Horton curve showing a decrease in infilt...Fig. 6.12 Map showing expansion of saturated areas during a single rainstorm...Fig. 6.13 Schematic diagram showing the distribution of infiltrating soil mo...Fig. 6.14 Borehole hydrograph record representing the change in aquifer stor...Fig. 6.15 Drying curve for a vegetated soil of short‐rooted grass with a roo...Fig. 6.16 Chemical and isotopic profiles of water in the unsaturated zone of...Fig. 6.17 In (a) isotherms in an idealized cross‐section through the subsurf...Fig. 6.18 Plot of temperature‐depth data presented in Table 6.7 for Well #1 ...Fig. 6.19 The parameters needed to apply the analytical solution technique t...Fig. 6.20 Normalized temperatures from Well #1 and Well #2 plotted against n...Fig. 6.21 (a) Measured 1978 temperature–depth (TD) profiles for three sites ...Fig. 6.22 Design of two types of current meter for measuring stream discharg...Fig. 6.23 Standard sectional method for calculating stream discharge using r...Fig. 6.24 Details of a StreamPro ADCP assembly on a catamaran with tow rope ...Fig. 6.25 A rating curve to convert measurements of depth of flow (stage or ...Fig. 6.26 Surface water slope variation during the passage of a flood wave. ...Fig. 6.27 The steady‐state or constant rate injection dilution gauging metho...Fig. 6.28 The slug injection dilution gauging method of stream discharge mea...Fig. 6.29 Examples of: (a) thin plate weir (rectangular notch weir) and (b) ...Fig. 6.30 Marham gauging station on the River Nar, Norfolk, England (NGR TF ...Fig. 6.31 Components of total catchment runoff contributing to streamflow. I...Fig. 6.32 Flow duration curves for permeable and impermeable catchments. Not...Fig. 6.33 Hydrograph of daily gauged flows during 2001 for Costessey Mill on...Fig. 6.34 Derivation of a master depletion curve by hydrograph analysis. Fir...Fig. 6.35 Derivation of a unit hydrograph for an effective rainfall duration...Fig. 6.36 Construction of a unit hydrograph for a longer rainfall duration (...Fig. 6.37 Three hydrogeological situations that represent flow between an aq...Fig. 6.38 Cross‐sections to illustrate the impacts of groundwater abstractio...Fig. 6.39 The history of Chalk groundwater abstractions in the River Ver cat...Fig. 6.40 (a) Qualitative sketch showing the difference in vertical temperat...Fig. 6.41 Cross‐section, drawn perpendicular to the river, showing the ideal...Fig. 6.42 Type curves to determine the rate and volume of stream depletion b...Fig. 6.43 Schematic diagram showing the type of lumped calculations performe...Fig. 6.44 Catchment resource model results
