waste used by different countries.
1.3.7.1. American classification and IAEA recommendation
The classification recommended by the IAEA and that applied by the United States have no overlap (Table 1.5).
Table 1.5. Comparison of IAEA ([IAE 09a], GSG-1) and NRC ([NRC 15]) classifications (source: [NEA 16a])
| NRC | Class A | Class B | Class C | Excess C or GTCC |
| IAEA | VLLW | LLW | ILW | HLW |
1.3.7.2. Comparison between the Belgian, French and Canadian radioactive waste classifications
In Belgium, class A waste has a specific destination and class B and C waste are managed together. In France, the VLLW and LLW-SL categories are managed together, the AA-LL and HALL categories are managed together, while the FA-VL category is managed independently. For the three states, a distinction is made between current waste and historical waste [PAR 18].
Table 1.6. Comparison of radioactive waste classifications in Belgium, France and Canada (source: [PAR 18]). In brackets, the equivalences with the IAEA classification from 2009 [IAE 09a]
| Belgium | France | Canada | |
| Number of categories | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| Classification by lifespan and activity level | A (LLW)B (ILW)C (HLW) | TFA (VSLW)FMA-VC (LLW)FA-VL (VLLW)MA-VL (ILW)HA-VL (HLW) | LLW (LLW)ILW (ILW)HLW (HLW + spent fuel)Mining waste |
| Other more vague categories | NORM, T-NORMRadiferWaste from future sanitationSpent fuelSpent MOX fuel | Waste without a channelFuel and MOX |
1.3.8. Classification of sealed sources
For sealed sources, the IAEA [IAE 09a] recommends the classifications reported in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7. Examples of the use of the IAEA classification for disused sealed radioactive sources (source: [IAE 09a])
| Type | Half-life | Activity | Volume | Examples |
| VSLW | <100 days | 100 MBq | Small | 90Y, 198Au (brachytherapy) |
| VSLW | <100 days | 5 TBq | Small | 192Ir (brachytherapy) |
| LLW | <15 years | <10 MBq | Small | 3H, 60Co, 85Kr |
| ILW | <15 years | <100 TBq | Small | 60Co (irradiators) |
| LLW | <30 years | <1 MBq | Small | 137Cs (brachytherapy) |
| ILW | <30 years | <1 PBq | Small | 90Sr (thickness gauges, thermoelectric generators), 137Cs (irradiators) |
| ILW | >30 years | <40 MBq | Small but with a large number of sources | Pu, Am, Ra (static eliminators) |
| ILW | >30 years | <10 GBq | 226Ra, 241Am (gauges) |
1.4. Origins of nuclear waste
Radioactive waste has multiple origins, which can be subdivided into three main sources: waste from the fuel cycle contributing to nuclear electricity (NFC, Nuclear Fuel Cycle), waste from other very varied origins (medicine, research, etc.) and waste resulting from a nuclear accident. Fuel cycle waste differs according to whether it comes from upstream or downstream plants or from nuclear power reactors in operation (Figure 1.2).
Figure 1.2. Diagram of the origins of radioactive waste (source: [OJO 14]). HLW: high-level waste; ILW: intermediate-level waste; LLW: low-level waste; NFC: nuclear fuel cycle; SRS: sealed radioactive sources. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/amiard/radioactive.zip
1.4.1. The main radionuclides in radioactive waste
The principal radionuclides in radioactive waste are very varied and can be classified into four categories. These are fission products (H, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy), activation products (C, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) and heavy nuclei (U, Nb and Zr), those that are both fission and activation products (Zr and Nb), heavy nuclei (U, Np, Pu, Am and Cm) and some elements with long-lived radioactive isotopes (C, Zr, Tc, Pd, Sn, I, Cs and Sm) to which are added the five heavy nuclei elements.
1.4.2. Wastes related to the nuclear fuel cycle
A distinction should be made between two fuel cycles, the so-called open NFC and the closed NFC, the latter reprocessing spent nuclear fuel in order to reuse the extracted by-products (uranium and plutonium) in other reactors, whereas in the case of the open NFC, the spent fuel is considered as radioactive waste and therefore disposed of. A representation of the two types of fuel cycle is shown in Figure 1.3.
