1.2, the process to go from the object to deployed solution has many steps, including collection of data, preparation of data, selecting the algorithm and its programming, model training, model testing, and deployment. Any failure at any point will require a reset and/or restart back to any previous point in the process.3
Figure 1.2 ML process.
ML has a limitation in that the solution of the object is highly specific to the data used to train the ML model. Most often, the model is not transportable, even to a similar business or a similar department within the same business. Also, as mentioned, the use of ML often requires other tools to render its results useful for consumption by business managers. However, while complex, ML can offer high business value with a wide range of applications: for example, predicting customer churn, sales deals that will close in the next 60 days, drugs that are likely to proceed to the next phase in trials, customers who are more likely to buy with a 5% discount, demand forecasting, and so on.
ANALYTICS VS. ANALYSIS
Another set of terms to get our arms around is analysis and analytics. Analysis, in business reporting, involves calculations of arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, and divide), whereas analytics for business encompasses mathematics (algebra, trigonometry, geometry, calculus, etc.) and statistics (about the study of outcomes).
In a profit and loss statement, there is a variance analysis of current year actual performance against budget. The analysis is expressed as the difference in dollars and as a percent. The variance analysis uses arithmetic to make a measurement of the existing condition of the company compared to what it planned for the year. This analysis is comparative information from arithmetic on data and descriptive of a current situation, but it is not an insight that is additive to a decision.
Insight, as defined with respect to the value from data, is that not known about the business and when known should affect decisions, and insights are derived from analytics that applies mathematics to data.
For example, say sales are down 15% for the past three months, but sales are predicted to increase this month. This prediction is based on a correlation of unemployment as a three-month inverse leading indicator to sales, meaning as unemployment goes down, sales will go up. In this example, unemployment has been dropping for the past three months, so the prediction is for sales to increase in the current month.
The use of correlations to make a prediction is analytics that reveals an insight, which was not known from the data or information from the analysis of the data, and which when known will affect decisions. In this case, without knowing the prediction of the lead indicator, the business would run deep discounts to attract sales. However, knowing that sales are predicted to reverse direction would cause the business not to discount or to only offer small discounts.
As such, to crystalize and distinguish the important definitions of insights and information, we repeat that insights are derived from the application of mathematics on data, while information is derived from the application of arithmetic on data. Information is used to support a decision, whereas insights are used to affect a decision.
Accordingly, analytics can powerfully reveal unbiased insights, as it applies mathematics on data that is void of the personal and political pressures that are exerted on humans when they make forecasts and predictions. As humans, we want the future to be what we desire or what we need, so we can make any forecast come to our desired outcome. As such, analytics is especially potent to enable unbiased data-driven decisions.
BI AND DATA VISUALIZATION VS. ANALYTICS
Business intelligence (BI) tools date back to the 1980s and enabled multidimensional reporting. BI went beyond spreadsheets to ingest large amounts of data from several data sources and then segment (into separate dimensions) the data into hierarchies. This approach gave users the ability to organize and dive into more data more intelligently.
Today, legacy BI tools have essentially become data-marts for data extraction into spreadsheets for reporting. BI tools are largely maintained by IT and require programming to build cubes (specialized BI databases) to respond to predefined questions. However, legacy BI is too rigid and complex for most users, so IT departments often program user-requested reports and data extractions (for download to other applications).
The complexity of BI gave birth to data visualization tools that were introduced in the 2000s and offered graphic representations of data in many forms, often combined into dashboards to render a story about key aspects of the business. Dashboards can be informative but typically not analytical.
The reference to data visualization says it all in its name. It is visualizing data, not applying mathematics on data. An excerpt from a 2019 report from the Finance Analytics Institute (www.fainstitute.com), “Visualization vs. Analytics, what each tool is, how they are different & where they apply,” offers a clear discussion of visualization:4
Dashboards are of prime value to combine visual charts with tabular data of KPIs and key values for comparisons.
The picture below is … where data and images of trends can work together to offer a view to the past and present. Like a car's dashboard, the numerical readings at the top tell key performance data needed to be known; e.g. if we're running low on gas…
But dashboards are not predictive, and views of past data can lead to false negatives or positives of the future. Look at the image below [Figure A]…
The historical trend is essentially up. So, what's the next bar to follow? Up? Down? What decision would you make if you predicted up? What would happen if you guessed wrong? As seen on the chart below [Figure B], the next bar was substantially down.
Figure A
Figure B
Visualization gives colors and images that intrigue the eye. But there is pretty and there is practical, and the two should not be confused—although they often are. Far too frequently, dashboards become an exercise in art vs. business. The rendering of a dashboard should be to make better decisions; so when viewing a dashboard, always ask, “Will what I'm seeing help inform me to make a better decision? What decision?” If the answer is not definitive, then the dashboard is art, not business.
We like to say that AI and analytics can torture data until it confesses! The “confession” obtained from analytics, which applies mathematics on data, can better inform us about the future; and decisions are about the future! Consider, have you ever made a decision about the past? Well, no, other than to say that the decision you made when the past was the future turned out to be a good or bad decision. While this bit of time travel may be confusing, the point is that using
