Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. Группа авторов
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CHAPTER 11 Patient safety
Katherine Evans1, Nandkishor Athavale1, Susannah Long2, and Charles Vincent2
1 Department of Healthcare for Older People, Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust, Rotherham, UK
2 Centre for Patient Safety and Service Quality, Imperial College London, London, UK
Original chapter by Susannah Long and Charles Vincent; updated by Katherine Evans and Nandkishor Athavale.
Introduction
History and evolution of the concept of patient safety
The practice of medicine, aptly described by Samuel Johnson as ‘the greatest benefit to mankind’, has been and always will be associated with inherent risks.1 This has been acknowledged for as long as medicine itself has existed: the ancient Greeks’ words for ‘kill’ and ‘cure’ were similar, and the Hippocratic Oath contains the promise ‘to abstain from doing harm’, later adapted by Thomas Sydenham into the famous phrase ‘primum non nocere’ or ‘first do no harm’.
Perhaps surprisingly, it has only been relatively recently that these risks, their causes, and ways to ameliorate them have been subjected to rigorous academic study. One of the earliest specific observations of patient harm was made in the nineteenth century by Florence Nightingale regarding infection in hospitals, a new and devastating problem at the time. In the 1960s, more systematic studies of hospital‐associated harm began to be carried out, initially driven by the development of litigation. In more recent times, perhaps triggered by high‐profile events such as the Bristol heart inquiry and landmark international reports such as ‘An Organization with a Memory’2 in the UK and To Err Is Human 3 in the USA, patient safety has become the focus of much attention. It is now recognized globally as one of the top priorities in healthcare; and as our understanding of healthcare‐related harm deepens, our ability to improve patient safety grows.
In this chapter, we describe some of the current knowledge about patient safety and how it relates to the care of older people.
Definitions
Patient safety may be defined as ‘the prevention and amelioration of adverse outcomes or injuries stemming from the process of healthcare’.4 This definition encompasses not only the avoidance of individual error or harm and the high reliability of healthcare systems but also the appropriate management of healthcare‐associated harm in terms of appropriate immediate medical management as well as supporting staff, patients, and their families.
Patient safety is just one aspect of high‐quality care. In the 2008 UK report High Quality Care for All,5 quality of care, defined from a patient’s point of view, encompasses safety, experience, and outcomes. In the US, ‘Crossing the quality chasm’ similarly described the elements of quality as safety, effectiveness, patient‐centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equitableness. Safety cannot be seen in isolation but should be viewed as part of the broader concept of quality healthcare. Safety has been described as ‘the dark side of quality’ because of its historical association with litigation and blame, but it is increasingly acknowledged that efforts to learn more about and improve safety are a