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and social determinants of health
Iatrogenic impact
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 14: Weight loss
Introduction
Weight loss and frailty
Weight loss and sarcopenia
The relationship of weight loss to mortality
Effect of weight loss on comorbid conditions
Weight loss, a hallmark of malnutrition
Starvation
Cachexia
Anorexia
The use of the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) to explore weight loss
Interventions
Decreased food intake
The effect of exercise to improve body mass and function
Palliative treatment of anorexia
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 15: Water and electrolyte balances in ageing
Introduction
Normal physiology
Water homeostasis in the elderly
Workup and treatment of hyponatremia
Workup and treatment of hypernatremia
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 16: Vitamins and minerals
Introduction
Recommended intakes of vitamins and minerals
Medication influences on vitamin and mineral status
Vitamins and minerals – functions and characteristics
Micronutrients of special concern for older adults
Role of vitamin and mineral supplements in chronic disease: some reviews of the evidence
Summary
References
SECTION 2: Gastro Disorders
CHAPTER 17: Changes in gastrointestinal motor and sensory function associated with ageing
Introduction
Control of gastrointestinal motility and sensation
Pathophysiology of the ageing gut
Oesophagus
Small intestine
Systemic disorders associated with disturbance of gastrointestinal motility
Functional disorders
Acknowledgements
References
CHAPTER 18: The liver and gallbladder in the geriatric population
Introduction
Acute viral hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis B and C
Fatty liver disease
Drug‐induced liver injury
Alcoholic liver disease
Primary biliary cholangitis
Hemochromatosis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Biliary disease
Liver transplantation
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 19: Faecal incontinence
Introduction
The physiology of defecation
Changes relating to ageing
Epidemiology of faecal incontinence
Correlates and risk factors
Assessment of faecal incontinence
Management of faecal incontinence
Surgical therapy
Sacral neuromodulation
Faecal diversion
Containment
Conclusions
References
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