of estuary‐associated fishes depend on reproductive success. Estuaries, more than other marine ecosystems, are under threat globally from human and natural perturbations. Amongst the prominent threats to reproduction are effects of heavy fishing on stock abundances, impoundments that limit spawning access and connectivity in anadromous fishes, declines in freshwater discharge that are critical to larval‐stage productivity and cueing, urbanisation, climate‐related increases in temperature that may exceed thermal optima or thresholds for young fishes, effects of contaminants and effects of excessive nutrient pollution (eutrophication) that have led to global rises in harmful algal blooms and hypoxia and, thus, alterations in water quality that limit production of young fish. Catastrophic events, especially those owing to human activity in the estuary and watershed, e.g. hydrocarbon spills or massive toxicant releases, are increasingly noted in estuaries and are threats to the sustainability and dependability of reproduction by estuary‐associated fishes.
3.8 Acknowledgements
Thanks are extended to the co‐editors of this volume for encouragement and helpful recommendations. The authors acknowledge their respective institutions for facilities support and for providing dependable online access to library resources. Many field assistants made valuable contributions to research conducted by the authors and cited in this chapter; their names are too numerous to mention. The funders, both governmental and non‐governmental, are thanked for their support of research cited in this chapter. Individual funding agencies are acknowledged in cited papers.
3.9 References
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