can cause disagreement and examined the implications of reactance-based sleeper effects. This study showed that disagreement based on cognitive responses (threat at the start) was more stable over time; however, disagreement based on motivation to restore freedom (threat at the end) was unstable over time and persons agreed with the communicator.
Cho and Sands (2011)
Explored the impact of gain and loss framed messages on perceived threats to freedom. Consistence with previous studies, loss-framed messages aroused greater perceived threats to freedom than gain-framed messages.
Graupmann et al. (2012)
Reaction to threat of freedom of choice was influenced by self-construal. Activation of independent self than interdependent self resulted in more reactance when ingroup members eliminate choice options.
Laurin et al. (2012)
Study aimed to reconciling two seemingly opposing ideas in the literature on rationalization and reactance. Restricted freedom type (definitive and non-definitive) was identified as a factor that predicts which of the two processes, rationalization and reactance, is most likely to occur.
Quick (2012)
Compared Dillard and Shen (2005) measure and the Lindsey (2005) measure of psychological reactance.
Reinhart and Anker (2012)
Utilized reactance and transport theory in understanding perceptions of persuasive public service announcements on organ donation.
Steindl and Jonas (2012)
Perspective taking and culture were important factors in influencing reactance. Adopting the perspective of threatening person reduced reactance.
Wright and Palmer (2012)
Use of persuasive techniques on public to portray specific behavioral patterns illicit reactance tendencies.
Bessarabova et al. (2013)
Reactance is reduced by postscript in situation of high threat message but not in situation of low threat message
Folger et al. (2013)
Examination of behavioral ethics as it pertains to bounded autonomy versus deonance. Ethical tensions may occur between employees and the organization when employees experience dilemma between their duty as an employee and their morality, and rights.
Laurin et al. (2013)
System justification theory and psychological reactance theory were explored in the context of how employees response to new workplace policies. Are the policies perceived as restrictive or do employees justify organizational implementations of policies?
Miller et al. (2013)
Psychological reactance significantly strengthened inoculation effects, leading to an enhanced resistance to persuasion and reduced attitude change.
Quick (2013)
Assessed novelty of message on reactance and findings suggest a negative relationship. The perceived message sensation value distracted target group reducing sense of threat.
Zhang and Sapp (2013)
Assessed the antecedents and consequences of psychological reactance and requests in an instructional context. Consistent with previous studies, relationship distance and perceived request politeness directly impacted reactance, which affected resistance intention.
Ball and Goodboy (2014)
Examined psychological reactance in an instructional setting and freedom restoration behaviors that occur. Forceful language and unclear instructions were antecedents to psychological reactance.
Quick et al. (2015)
After exposure to loss-frame and gain-frame narratives, this study examined the role of happiness and guilt, looking at the implications of Prospect Theory. Results showed that the gain-frame narrative was associated with happiness whereas a loss-frame narrative was associated with guilt. Contrary to previous studies, a negative association was found between guilt and reactance.
Bessarabova et al. (2015)
Explored the impact of guilt appeals on the process of reactance. Guilt appeals acted as a threat to freedom; the guiltier persons felt the more negative the attitude.
Hopp (2015)
Assessed the moderating effects of individual ability in numeracy on the message reactance potential. Individual numeracy ability significantly impacts evaluation of persuasive message with heightened reactance potential.
Sittenthaler et al. (2015)
Explored the construction and empirical evaluation of the Salzburger State Reactance Scale (SSR Scale).
Steindl et al. (2015)
A review of research, developments and findings in the area of psychological reactance since the Miron and Brehm (2006) review, and until 2015.
Quick et al. (2015)
This study examined the role of happiness and guilt in the context of exposure to loss-frame and gain-frame narrative and Prospect Theory. Results supported the idea that the gain-frame narrative was associated with happiness, whereas a loss-frame narrative was associated with guilt.
Wright et al. (2015)
Investigated the implications of Brehm’s theory of motivation intensity in comparison to Brehm’s theory of psychological reactance.
Ball (2016)
Examined the role of psychological reactance in communication, including messages encouraging compliance and perceived autonomy. Autonomy supporting messages provided participants with a sense of control, whereas freedom threatening message may trigger adoption of maladaptive attitudes and behaviors in efforts to restore or preserve independence.
Guéguen (2016)
Assessed compliance to requests when exposed to messages with refusals at the beginnings of persuasive message. Individuals are more likely to comply with requests when aware of their freedom of choice. Perceived threat to freedom increased exhibited reactance, and more resistant to compliance.
Niesta Kayser et al. (2016)
Examined the implications of threats to freedom on approach and avoidance frames. Goal framing communication styles influence the perception of request to change and experience of freedom threats.
Richards and Larsen (2017)
Assessed moderating effect of anger expression tendencies on state reactance in the persuasive health context.
Scherr and Müller (2017)
Clarified the role of social desirability of media influences, perceived persuasive intent, and reactance in the third-person perception framework. Low social desirability of media leads to third-person perception and evoke reactance.
Sukalla et al. (2017)
The theory of planned behavior was combined with persuasion narratives to examine the effects persuasion narratives on individuals’ perception on organ donation.
Debora and Jaidev (2018)
Reviewed empirical studies on consumer psychological reactance, with a focus on research methodologies.
Kim (2019)
Applied psychological reactance to the health issue of e-cigarettes. Reactance likelihood increased as a result of social pressures.
can cause disagreement and examined the implications of reactance-based sleeper effects. This study showed that disagreement based on cognitive responses (threat at the start) was more stable over time; however, disagreement based on motivation to restore freedom (threat at the end) was unstable over time and persons agreed with the communicator.
