distribution for an airfoil sectionFigure 3.9 Northrop Grumman X‐47B UCAVFigure 3.10 Net pressure distribution over an airfoilFigure 3.11 Spanwise pressure distribution around a 3d wingFigure 3.12 DownwashFigure 3.13 Airplane drag polarFigure 3.14 Elliptical lift distributionFigure 3.15 Induced drag diagramFigure 3.16 Typical boundary layer over a flat surfaceFigure 3.17 Typical boundary layer over a wing/tail airfoilFigure 3.18 Boundary layer velocity profile inside a convergent–divergent du...Figure 3.19 Skin friction versus Reynolds numberFigure 3.20 Wing flapping diagramFigure 3.21 Flight of a birdFigure 3.22 Wing articulation4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Main phases in a typical flight missionFigure 4.2 Forces on an air vehicle in a level flightFigure 4.3 Range versus weight ratio for propeller‐driven aircraftFigure 4.4 Endurance versus weight ratio for propeller‐driven aircraftFigure 4.5 Force diagram in a climbing flightFigure 4.6 Power versus velocityFigure 4.7 Power versus velocity for several altitudesFigure 4.8 Launch forces and parameters during a launchFigure 4.9 Recovery of a UAV using a vertical net
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 A typical flight envelopeFigure 5.2 Forces and moments in a fixed‐wing UAV in the xz planeFigure 5.3 Longitudinal moment balance diagramFigure 5.4 Pitching moment coefficient versus lift coefficientFigure 5.5 Contributors to pitching momentFigure 5.6 Directional stability (top view)Figure 5.7 Directional stabilityFigure 5.8 Lateral stability (front view)Figure 5.9 Control surfaces of a fixed‐wing UAVFigure 5.10 Longitudinal control via elevator deflectionFigure 5.11 Pitching moment coefficient versus elevator deflection – revised...Figure 5.12 Directional control via rudder deflection (top view)Figure 5.13 Aileron deflection to create a roll (front view)
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of air vehicle enginesFigure 6.2 Momentum generatorFigure 6.3 Actuator diskFigure 6.4 Disk loading versus power loadingFigure 6.5 Lift‐to‐power ratio versus exit velocityFigure 6.6 Engine cyclesFigure 6.7 Two‐cycle processFigure 6.8 Torque variationFigure 6.9 Rotary engineFigure 6.10 Gas turbine engine schematicFigure 6.11 Turbofan (left) and turboprop (right) enginesFigure 6.12 NASA and AeroVironment’s Helios with solar‐powered enginesFigure 6.13 PIN junctionFigure 6.14 Fuel cellFigure 6.15 Propeller efficiency and engine thrustFigure 6.16 Propeller normal and tangential velocitiesFigure 6.17 Typical variations for fixed‐pitch prop efficienciesFigure 6.18 Typical variations for engine thrust and power versus altitude
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Primary structural members of a wing/fuselage for a fixed‐wing ai...Figure 7.2 Inspection door and cutout in Fuselage of RQ‐4 Global HawkFigure 7.3 Aerodynamic forces and moments on an aircraft during flightFigure 7.4 Wing lift distributionFigure 7.5 Bending stressFigure 7.6 Uniformly loaded wingFigure 7.7 Shear force and bending moment diagramFigure 7.8 Forces during rollFigure 7.9 Maneuver load diagramFigure 7.10 Gust diagramFigure 7.11 Sandwich panelFigure 7.12 Common cross‐sections of sparsFigure 7.13 Beam under normal and shear stressesFigure 7.14 Bending moment at the wing rootFigure 7.15 Global Hawk wing tip deflection (Source: Tom Miller / NASA)Figure 7.16 Deflection of a cantilever beam under a uniform distributed load...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 MPCS block diagramFigure 8.2 A radio‐controlled model aircraft with its controllerFigure 8.3 Worthington Sharpe portable GCS (Source: Samworthington / Wikimed...Figure 8.4 MQ‐1 Predator Operator's workstation (Source: General Atomics Aer...Figure 8.5 Ground station setup for a MALE UAV
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Remote piloting of the aircraftFigure 9.2 Block diagram of a generic closed‐loop remote flight control syst...Figure 9.3 Signals in a remotely closed‐loop flight control systemFigure 9.4 Control, guidance, and navigation systems in an autopilotFigure 9.5 Block diagram of the closed‐loop control systemFigure 9.6 Flight control system block diagram for a fixed‐wing UAVFigure 9.7 Geometry of target position determinationFigure 9.8 Block diagram of a remote generic closed‐loop payload control sys...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Reconnaissance/surveillance payloads general classificationFigure 10.2 Two small reconnaissance sensorsFigure 10.3 Target with resolution “lines” superimposedFigure 10.4 Johnson Criteria for the probability of successFigure 10.5 Angle subtended by the smallest object for an imaging sensorFigure 10.6 Generic MRC curveFigure 10.7 Generic MRT curveFigure 10.8 Extinction coefficient versus visibilityFigure 10.9 Load‐line analysisFigure 10.10 NASA Viking 400Figure 10.11 Geometry for a typical UAV field of view on the groundFigure 10.12 Automated search patternFigure 10.13 Gyroscope and gimbalFigure 10.14 Two‐ and three‐gimbal configurations
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Armed Predator, showing missiles on launch rails and optical dom...Figure 11.2 Rotary launcher retracted and extendedFigure 11.3 Fall off in perceived sound level as altitude of an overflight i...Figure 11.4 Electromagnetic spectrumFigure 11.5 Concept of a radar cross‐sectionFigure 11.6 90‐degree dihedral and trihedral geometries
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Emitted and reflected signalsFigure 12.2 NASA Global HawkFigure 12.3 NASA PathfinderFigure 12.4 Amazon Prime Air UAV (Source: Amazon, Inc.)
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Elements of a UAS data linkFigure 13.2 Jamming via sending noise to a data link signalFigure 13.3 Parabolic reflector antenna for a transmitter or receiverFigure 13.4 Yagi‐Uda antennaFigure 13.5 Lunberg lens antennaFigure 13.6 Zoned lens antenna
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Definition of beam width – top or side viewFigure 14.2 Geometry for antenna gainFigure 14.3 Antenna height and Earth radiusFigure 14.4 Line‐of‐sight range versus altitudeFigure 14.5 Direct spread‐spectrum processing gainFigure 14.6 Schematic of a frequency‐hopping waveformFigure 14.7 Scrambling, redundancy, and addition of error‐detectionFigure 14.8 Uplink jamming for omnidirectional receive antennaFigure 14.9 Downlink jammer geometryFigure 14.10 Geometry for a downlink with a high‐gain antennaFigure 14.11 Jamming geometry for up‐ and downlinks for multiple jammersFigure 14.12 Transmitted bandwidth versus processing gain for several data r...Figure 14.13 Fresnel zones of an electromagnetic beam
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Effect of compression on probability of detecting targetsFigure 15.2 Effect of data compression on recognition of targetsFigure 15.3 Effect of frame rate on time to complete a fine‐slewing taskFigure 15.4 Effect of frame rate on probability of success for a manual sear...
16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Velocity versus strokeFigure 17.2 Kinetic energy versus massFigure 17.3 Force versus stroke for various vehicle weightsFigure 17.4 Force versus stroke for an elastic cordFigure 17.5 Force versus stroke for a
