S., Van Ginkel, M., and Fischer, R.A. (1993). CIMMYT's wheat breeding mega‐environments (ME). In Proceedings of the 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium (pp. 1101–1105).105 Rebetzke, G.J., Bonnett, D.G., and Reynolds, M.P. (2016). Awns reduce grain number to increase grain size and harvestable yield in irrigated and rainfed spring wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 67 (9): 2573–2586. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw081.
106 Reeves, J.T. and Roy, N. (1974). Wheat breeding. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 15 (2): 39–43. https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol15/iss2/3.
107 Rickman, G. (1980). The grain trade under the Roman Empire. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238709.
108 Roberts, E. (1847). On the management of wheat. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 8: 60–77.
109 Rubel, W. (2011). Bread: A Global History. Reaktion Books.
110 Ruske, R.E., Gooding, M.J., and Dobraszczyk, B.J. (2004). Effects of triazole and strobilurin fungicide programmes, with and without late‐season nitrogen fertiliser, on the baking quality of Malacca winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 40 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2004.03.003.
111 Rustgi, S., Shewry, P., Brouns, F. et al. (2019). Wheat seed proteins: factors influencing their content, composition, and technological properties, and strategies to reduce adverse reactions. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18 (6): 1751–1769. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541‐4337.12493.
112 Sapone, A., Bai, J.C., Ciacci, C. et al. (2012). Spectrum of gluten‐related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Medicine 10 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741‐7015‐10‐13.
113 Sarrafi, A., Ecochard, R., and Grignac, P. (1989). Genetic variability for some grain quality characters in tetraploid wheats. Plant Varieties and Seeds 2: 163–169.
114 Scott, J.C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press.
115 Shewry, P.R., Tatham, A.S., Barro, F. et al. (1995). Biotechnology of breadmaking: unravelling and manipulating the multi‐protein gluten complex. Biotechnology 13: 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1195‐1185.
116 Shewry, P.R., Wan, Y., Hawkesford, M.J. et al. (2019). Spatial distribution of functional components in the starchy endosperm of wheat grains. Journal of Cereal Science 91: 102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102869.
117 Shiferaw, B., Smale, M., Braun, H.J. et al. (2013). Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food Security 5 (3): 291–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571‐013‐0263‐y.
118 Simmonds, N.W. and Smartt, J. (1999). Principles of Crop Improvement, 2e. Blackwell Science.
119 Sinclair, T.R. (1998). Historical changes in harvest index and crop nitrogen accumulation. Crop Science 38: 638–643. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800030002x.
120 Slade, L. and Levine, H. (1994). Structure‐function relationships of cookie and cracker ingredients. In: The Science of Cookie and Cracker Production (ed. H. Faridi), 23–141. New York: Chapman & Hall.
121 Smith, L.G., Jones, P.J., Kirk, G.J. et al. (2018). Modelling the production impacts of a widespread conversion to organic agriculture in England and Wales. Land Use Policy 76: 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.035.
122 Snape, J.W., Hyne, V., and Aitken, K. (1993). Targeting genes in wheat using marker mediated approaches. Proceedings of the Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium 2: 749–759.
123 Tadesse, G., Algieri, B., Kalkuhl, M. et al. (2016). Drivers and triggers of international food price spikes and volatility. In: Food Price Volatility and its Implications for Food Security and Policy (eds. M. Kalkuhl, J. von Braun and M. Torero), 59–82. Springer.
124 Tanno, K.I. and Willcox, G. (2012). Distinguishing wild and domestic wheat and barley spikelets from early Holocene sites in the near east. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21 (2): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334‐011‐0316‐0.
125 Taylor, B.R., Cranstoun, D.A.S., and Roscrow, J.C. (1993). The quality of winter wheat varieties for distilling from Scottish sites. In: Aspects of Applied Biology 36, Cereal Quality III (eds. P.S. Kettlewell, J.R. Garstang, C.M. Duffus, et al.), 481–489. Association of Applied Biologists.
126 Thomas, H. (2017). The War Between Trees and Grasses. Cambrian Printers.
127 Tottman, D.R. (1987). The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations. Annals of Applied Biology 110 (2): 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744‐7348.1987.tb03275.x.
128 Turnbull, K.M. and Rahman, S. (2002). Endosperm texture in wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (3): 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2002.0468.
129 Urruty, N., Tailliez‐Lefebvre, D., and Huyghe, C. (2016). Stability, robustness, vulnerability and resilience of agricultural systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36 (1): 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593‐015‐0347‐5.
130 USFDA (1999). Health Claim Notification for Whole Grain Foods. U.S. Food & Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/food/food‐labeling‐nutrition/health‐claim‐notification‐whole‐grain‐foods.
131 Uthayakumaran, S. and Wrigley, C. (2017). Wheat: grain‐quality characteristics and management of quality requirements. In: Cereal Grains: Assessing and Managing Quality, 2e (eds. C. Wrigley, I. Batey and D. Miskelly), 91–134. Woodhead Publishing https://doi.org/10.1016/B978‐0‐08‐100719‐8.00005‐X.
132 Vaidyanathan, L.V. (1987). Precision and reliability of measuring Hagberg falling number of wheat including variability associated with crop husbandry and grain handling. In: Aspects of Applied Biology 15, Cereal Quality, 495–513. Association of Applied Biologists.
133 Van der Kamp, J.W., Poutanen, K., Seal, C.J. et al. (2014). The HEALTHGRAIN definition of “whole grain”. Food & Nutrition Research 58: 22100. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v58.22100.
134 Wang,
