in Biodiesel Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Previous Research
8.3 State of the Art
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
8.6 Symbols and Nomenclature
References
9 Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils
9.3 Conventional Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production: Advantages and Limitations
9.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production
9.5 Different Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10 Sustainable Production of Biodiesel Using Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Features of Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts
10.3 Cation‐Exchange Resin Catalyst
10.4 Anion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts
10.5 Summary
References
11 Advances in Bifunctional Solid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of Solid Bifunctional Catalyst in Biodiesel Production
11.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
12 Application of Catalysts Derived from Renewable Resources in Production of Biodiesel
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potential Renewable Resources for Production of Biodiesel Catalysts
12.3 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of These Types of Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
Acknowledgment
References
13 Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid‐Based Catalysts
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of IL‐Catalyzed Biodiesel Production
13.3 Acidic and Basic Ionic Liquids (AILs/BILs) as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production
13.4 Supported Ionic Liquids in Biodiesel Production
13.5 IL Lipase Cocatalysts
13.6 Optimization and Novel Biodiesel Production Technologies Using ILs
13.7 Recyclability of the Ionic Liquids on Biodiesel Production
13.8 Kinetics of IL‐Catalyzed Biodiesel Production
13.9 Techno‐Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysis of Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid as Catalyst
13.10 Conclusion
References
14 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Versatile Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biodiesel Synthesis Over MOF Catalysts
14.3 Conclusion
References
9 Part 3: Technologies, By‐product Valorization and Prospects of Biodiesel Production 15 Upstream Strategies (Waste Oil Feedstocks, Nonedible Oils, and Unicellular Oil Feedstocks like Microalgae) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks 15.3 Composition of Oils and Fats 15.4 Methods for Oil Extraction 15.5 Purification of Oils and Fats 15.6 Production of Biodiesel 15.7 Future Prospects References 16 Mainstream Strategies for Biodiesel Production 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Mainstream Strategies and Technology for Biodiesel Production 16.3 Future Prospects and Challenges Acknowledgment References 17 Downstream Strategies for Separation, Washing, Purification, and Alcohol Recovery in Biodiesel Production 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Glycerol Separation and Refining 17.3
