rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_f7b6ef27-a1ac-57e6-b21a-a5de97b0d391">17.4 Methanol Recovery
17.5 Additization
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for Bio‐glycerol‐Based Acrylic Acid Synthesis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Propylene
18.3 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 Sustainability, Commercialization, and Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biodiesel as a Promising Renewable Energy Carrier
19.3 Overview of the Biodiesel Production Process
19.4 Evolution in the Feedstocks Used for the Sustainable Production of Biodiesel
19.5 First‐Generation Biodiesel and the Challenges in Its Sustainability
19.6 Development of Second‐Generation Biodiesel to Address the Sustainability
19.7 Algae‐Based Biodiesel
19.8 Waste Oils, Grease, and Animal Fats in Biodiesel Production
19.9 Technical Impact by the Biodiesel Usage
19.10 Socioeconomic Impacts
19.11 Toxicological Impact
19.12 Sustainability Challenges in the Biodiesel Production and Use
19.13 Concluding Remarks
References
20 Advanced Practices in Biodiesel Production
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mechanism of Transesterification
20.3 Advanced Biodiesel Production Technologies
20.4 Conclusion
20.5 Future Perspectives
References
10 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Main feedstocks of biodiesel.Table 1.2 Homogeneous catalysts and reaction conditions used for alkaline t...Table 1.3 Biodiesel specifications according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 sta...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Feedstock for biodiesel classified according to type.Table 2.2 Traditional catalyzed conversions using acids, bases, enzymes, or...Table 2.3 Modern approaches in biodiesel production from nonedible/waste fe...
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Non‐edible oilsTable 3.2 Fatty acids composition of non‐edible oils and relative biodiesel...
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Comparison of oil yield between microalgae and oil crops.Table 4.2 Different species of microalgae with their total lipid content [1...
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Homogeneous acid‐catalyzed biodiesel synthesis.Table 5.2 Homogeneous base‐catalyzed biodiesel synthesis.Table 5.3 Properties of biodiesel produced from homogeneous acid and base c...
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Catalytic performance of CaO.Table 6.2 Catalytic performance of multimetal oxides.Table 6.3 Catalytic performance of metal oxides.
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using different catalyst and supported cat...
8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of some previous developments in mixed metal oxide catalys...Table 8.2 Summary of some recent developments in mixed metal oxide catalyst...Table 8.3 Summary of how certain metals/metal oxides can influence catalyst...Table 8.4 Kinetic data from recent studies.Table 8.5 Symbols and abbreviations used throughout this chapter.
9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Different metal‐based nanocatalysts used in the production of bio...
10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Physical properties of cation‐exchange resins.Table 10.2 Phase conditions of methanol/triglyceride mixtures.Table 10.3 Steady‐state triglyceride conversions during continuous biodiese...Table 10.4 Physical properties of anion‐exchange resins.
11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Solid acid–base bifunctional catalyst used for biodiesel/FAME p...Table 11.2 Different Brønsted–Lewis acid bifunctional solid catalyst used f...Table 11.3 Different biowaste‐derived solid bifunctional catalysts for biod...
12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.2 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.3 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.4 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...
13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Acidic and basic ionic liquids in biodiesel production.Table 13.2 Supported ionic liquids in biodiesel production.Table 13.3 IL lipase co‐catalysts in biodiesel production.Table 13.4 Novel technologies of biodiesel production and optimization usin...Table 13.5 Reusability of ILs in biodiesel production.
14 Chapter 14Table 14.1 The transesterification results over different catalysts.
15 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Oil content, total acid number (TAN) in different types of feeds...
16 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Overview of intensified reactors for biodiesel production.
17 Chapter
