Industry 4.0 Vision for the Supply of Energy and Materials. Группа авторов

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7⁶ Channels Topology Star, Tree, Mesh Star, Mesh Star, Mesh, Star-Mesh Hybrid Star-Mesh P2P, Star, Mesh⁷ Star, Tree Spreading DSSS DSSS, FHSS DSSS, FHSS DSSS FHSS MIMO-OFDM MAC channel access GTS, CSMA; Time slot is flexible TSMP (TDMA, CSMA); Time slot of 10 ms TDMA, CSMA; Time slot of 10–12 ms TDMA, CSMA and FDMA; Time slot is configurable TDMA Hybrid EDCA/DCF Channel bandwidth 2 MHz 2 MHz 2 MHz 20 MHz 2 MHz⁸ l/2/4/8/16 MHz Range 10–100 m <600 m <600 m (100 m⁹) l–100 m <100 m (<300 m⁷) 90 m-l km Data rate <250 Kbps <250 Kbps <250 Kbps <250 Kbps < 1 Mbps (0.125/ l/2 Mbps⁷) 0.15-78Mbps¹⁰ Nodes per network 64,000 Hundreds per AP Thousands per gateway 100 Piconet: 7 8192 Power profile ~ 3 years 4–10 years 6 years 1 year 1 year ~1.5–13 years Latency Enumeration 30 ms >10 ms > 100 ms >10 ms >6 ms >5 ms Encryption 128-bit AES 128-bit AES 128-bit AES 128-bit AES 128-bit AES WPA

Table 1.2 Comparison of Wireless Technologies: Long-Range Technologies.

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	NB-IoT	LTE-M	LoRa/LoRaWAN
Standard	3GPP Rel.13 (planned)	3GPP Rel.13 (planned)	LoRa-Alliance (De-facto Standard)
Frequency band	Licensed LTE band	Licensed LTE band	Unlicensed sub-GHz11
Modulation	LTE-based OFDMA(DL) & SC-FDMA(UL)	LTE-based OFDMA(DL) & SC-FDMA(UL)	Proprietary CSS
Spreading	FDD/TDD	FDD	FHSS(ALOHA)
bidirectional	Yes/Half-duplex	Yes/Half-duplex	Yes/Half-duplex
Maximum payload length	256 bytes	1600 bytes	243 bytes
Maximum coupling loss (MCL)	155.7 dB	165 dB	169 dB
Channel bandwidth	1.4–20 MHz	180/200 KHz	125/250/500 KHz
Data rate	DL: 300 Kbps; UL: 375 Kbps12	DL: 200–300 Kbps; UL: 144 Kbps	22 bps–50 Kbps13
Range	11 Km	1 Km(urban), 11 Km(rural)	2 Km(urban),15 Km(rural)
Latency	10 ms–4 s	1.4–10 s (UL: < 10 s)	Not Guaranteed
Nodes per network	300–1500 per cell	~ 52000 per cell	200 per gateway14
Mobility	Connected mobility with some limitation (inter frequency handover)	No connected mobility (only idle mode reselection)	Better than NB-IoT
Energy efficiency	>10 years battery life of devices	>10–20 years battery life of devices	>10 years battery life of devices
Interference Immunity	Low	Low	Very high
Encryption	LTE encryption, 128/256-bit AES	LTE encryption, 128/256-bit AES	128-bit AES
Attack	Active and passive Eavesdropping attacks, sniffing attacks, and DoS	Active and passive Eavesdropping attacks, sniffing attacks, and DoS