Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3.
36
О карьере Сезанна см.: Alex Danchev, Cézanne: A Life (New York: Random House, 2012), 106, 110, 116; Lawrence Gowing, Cézanne: The Early Years (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988), 110.
37
La Voz de Galicia, February 21, 1895, quoted in John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881–1906 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 55.
38
Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 67.
39
David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 24.
40
Там же, 23.
41
Danchev, Cézanne, 12.
42
’The Father of Us All’, Artsy, February 6, 2014, https://www.artsy.net/article/matthew-the-father-of-us-all.
43
Brooke N. MacNamara, David Z. Hambrick, and Frederick L. Oswald, Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-analysis, Psychological Science 8 (July 2014): 1608–1618.
44
К этому имейлу от 4 августа 2019 года Чен сделал следующую приписку: «P. S. Я прочитал это своей (китайской) матери, и она не согласилась с цифрами 20 и 80 процентов. Мама ставит на первое место труд: 80 процентов труд и 20 процентов удача и возможности. Менталитет матери-тигрицы, верно? Интересно, почему разные культуры и воспитание способны так сильно влиять на мнение человека по данным вопросам?»
45
Подробнее об истории стандартизированных тестов на определение IQ см.: Simonton, Talent and Its Development, 440–448; Darrin McMahon, Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 178–185.
46
Deborah Solomon, The Science of Second-Guessing, New York Times, December 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/the-science-of-secondguessing.html.
47
Martin André Rosanoff, Edison in His Laboratory, Harper’s Magazine (September 1932), https://harpers.org/archive/1932/09/edison-in-his-laboratory/.
48
Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 56–57.
49
Дело «Григгс против Duke Power Company», 1971. Однако тест на определение IQ и аналогичные тесты по-прежнему могут использоваться в качестве предикторов эффективности работы, если это не приводит к дискриминации по расовым, религиозным, национальным или гендерным признакам.
50
William E. Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 61–63.
51
Catherine Rampell, SAT Scores and Family Income, New York Times, August 27, 2009, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/sat-scores-and-family-income/; Zachary Goldfarb, These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families, Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 68.
52
Aamer Madhani, University of Chicago Becomes the First Elite College to Make SAT, ACT Optional for Applicants, USA Today, June 14, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/14/university-chicago-sat-act-optional/701153002/.
53
Anemona Hartocollis, University of California Is Sued over Use of SAT and ACT, New York Times, December 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/sat-act-uc-lawsuit.html.
54
См., например, Lenora Chu, Little Soldiers: An American Boy, a Chinese School, and the Global Race to Achieve (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 252; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 60.
55
Caitlin Macy, AP Tests Are Still a Great American Equalizer, Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ap-tests-are-still-a-great-american-equalizer-11550854920.
56
См., например, Caroline Goldenberg, School Removes AP Courses for Incoming Freshmen, Horace Mann Record, June 5, 2018, https://record.horacemann.org/2078/uncategorized/school-removes-ap-courses-for-incoming-freshman-class/.
57
Adam Grant, What Straight-A Students Get Wrong, New York Times, December 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/college-gpa-career-success.html.
58
Tom Clynes, How to Raise a Genius, Nature (September 7, 2016), https://www.nature.com/news/how-to-raise-a-genius-lessons-from-a-45-year-study-of-super-smart-children-1.20537.
59
Nancy Andreasen, The Creating Brain: The Neuroscience of Genius (New York: Dana Foundation, 2005), 10–13.
