theory behind computer science. Turing’s tragic death in 1954 meant he never had access to a computer as generally capable as the ZX81, with its 1,024 bytes of memory storage capable of crunching through a superhuman half a million instructions per second.
16
Алан Тьюринг (1912–1954) – английский математик, логик, криптограф, оказавший существенное влияние на развитие информатики. Во время Второй мировой войны Тьюринг работал в Правительственной школе кодов и шифров, располагавшейся в Блетчли-парке, где была сосредоточена работа по взлому шифров и кодов нацистов. Прим. пер.
17
G. E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(1), 1965, pp. 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.1998.658762.
18
Newton’s laws work at the scale of the everyday and in what is known as “inertial reference frames.” At the very small – the levels of atoms and smaller – we need to rely on quantum physics to describe what is going on. “Non-inertial reference frames,” such as those found when studying cosmology, require different approaches.
19
Cyrus C. M. Mody, The Long Arm of Moore’s Law: Microelectronics and American Science, Inside Technology (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2017), pp. 5 and 125.
20
Our World in Data – некоммерческий электронный проект, публикующий в открытом доступе данные о глобальных проблемах человечества, таких как болезни, голод, глобальное потепление, войны, катастрофы, социальное неравенство, бедность. Прим. пер.
21
Computer History Museum, “1958: Silicon Mesa Transistors Enter Commercial Production.”
22
Ray Kurzweil, “Average Transistor Price,” Singularity.com. http://www.singularity.com/charts/page59.html.
23
Dan Hutcheson, “Graphic: Transistor Production Has Reached Astronomical Scales,” IEEE Spectrum, April 2, 2015. https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/transistor-production-has-reached-astronomical-scales.
24
James W. Cortada, The Computer in the United States: From Laboratory to Market (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 117; 95 percent of these were in the US. See also “Early Popular Computers, 1950–1970,” Engineering and Technology History Wiki. https://ethw.org/Early_Popular_Computers,_1950_-_1970.
25
Кристенсен К. Дилемма инноватора. Как из-за новых технологий погибают сильные компании. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2019. Прим. ред.
26
Horace Dediu, personal correspondence with the author, December 1, 2016.
27
In 1940, 65 percent of American homes had flush toilets. By 1960, it was 90 percent. “Historical Census of Housing Tables – Sewage Disposal.” https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-sewage.html.
28
Paul R. Liegey, “Microwave Oven Regression Model,” U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/cpi/quality-adjustment/microwave-ovens.htm.
29
30
Alex Wilhelm, “Charting Bird and Lime’s Rapid Growth,” Crunchbase News, September 20, 2018. https://news.crunchbase.com/news/charting-bird-and-limes-rapid-growth/.
31
Computers are so cheap, they turn up in surprising places. Disposable pregnancy tests have a small computer in them – used once and thrown away.
32
Charlotte Burgess, “Future Banking: Creating an ‘Incumbent Challenger’,” Finovate, 2020. https://finovate.com/future-banking-creating-an-incumbent-challenger/.
33
Author’s analysis at Azeem Azhar, “Big Ideas for 2021; China’s Civil-Military Fusion; Tesla’s Infrastructure Advantage; the Climate Decade; Elephant Body Fat & Hegelian Enjoyment ++ #307,” Exponential View. https://www.exponentialview.co/p/ev-307.
34
David Rotman, “We’re Not Prepared for the End of Moore’s
