saint of the guild in the Middle Ages.
5
In the oldest ward of the city of Prague, there is a small synagogue that comes down from the sixth century of our reckoning, and is said to be the oldest synagogue in Germany. If the visitor steps down about seven steps into the half-dark space, he discovers in the opposite wall several target-like openings that lead into a completely dark room. To the question, where these openings lead to our leader answered: "To the woman's compartment, whence they witness the service." The modern synagogues are much more cheerfully arranged, but the separation of the women from the men is preserved.
6
Frederick Engels, "The Origin of the Family."
7
Frederick Engels,
8
Book of Judges, 20, 21 and sequel.
9
Bachofen: "Das Mutterrecht."
10
Of the theater, to which women had no access.
11
Johann Scherr, "Deutsche Kultur-und Sittengeschichte: " Leipsic, 1887. Otto Wigand. As is known, Suderman deals with the same subject in his play, "Die Ehre."
12
Plato, "The Republic," Book V.
13
Leon Bichter, "La Femme Libre."
14
Bachofen. "Das Mutterrecht."
15
K. Kautsky, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und der Familie," Kosmos, 1883.
16
Montegazza, "L'Amour dans l'Humanite."
17
Joh. David Michaelis, "Mosaisches Recht," Reutlingen, 1793.
18
Karl Heinzen, "Ueber die Rechte und Stellung der Frauen."
19
Born 106 before our reckoning.
20
He lived from 527 to 565 of our reckoning.
21
Augustus, the son of Caesar by adoption, was of the Julian gens, hence the title "Julian" law.
22
Tarnowsky. "Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtsinnes." Berlin, August Hirschwald.
23
Tacitus, "Histories," Book I.
24
Montegazza "L'Amour dans l'Humanite."
25
Matthew, ch. 19; 11 and 12.
26
I. Corinthians, ch. 7; 1 and 38.
27
Peter I., ch. 3; 1.
28
Paul: Ephesians, ch. 5; 23.
29
Paul: I. Corinthians, ch. 11; 7.
30
I. Timothy, ch. 2; 11 and 12.
31
I. Corinthians, ch. 14; 34 and 35.
32
This was a move that the parish priests of the diocese of Mainz, among others, complained against, expressing themselves this wise: "You Bishops and Abbots possess great wealth, a kingly table, and rich hunting equipages; we, poor, plain priests have for our comfort only a wife. Abstinence may be a handsome virtue, but, in point of fact, it is hard and difficult." – Yves-Guyot: "Les Theories Sociales du Christianisme."
33
Buckle, in his "History of Civilization in England," furnishes a large number of illustrations on this head.
34
Engels' "Der Ursprung der Familie."
35
The same thing happened under the rule of the muir in Russia. See Lavelaye: "Original Property."
36
"Eyn iglich gefurster man, der ein kindbette hat, ist sin kint eyn dochter, so mag eer eyn wagen vol bornholzes von urholz verkaufen of den samstag. Ist iz eyn sone, so mag he iz tun of den dinstag und of den samstag von ligenden holz oder von urholz und sal der frauwen davon kaufen, win und schon brod dyeweile sie kintes june lit," – G. L. v. Maurer; "Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland."
37
"Bettmund," "Jungfernzins," "Hemdschilling," "Schuerzenzins," "Bunzengroschen."
38
"Aber sprechend die Holflüt, weller hie zu der helgen see kumbt, der sol einen meyer (Gutsverwalter) laden und ouch sin frowen, da sol der meyer lien dem brütigan ein haffen, da er wol mag ein schaff in geseyden, ouch sol der meyer bringen ein fuder holtz an das hochtzit, ouch sol ein meyer und sin frow bringen ein viertenteyl eines schwynsbachen, und so die hochtzit vergat, so sol der brütigan den meyer by sim wib lassen ligen die ersten nacht, oder er sol sy lösen mit 5 schilling 4 pfenning." – I., p. 43.
39
"History of the Abolition of Serfdom in Europe to the Middle of the 19th Century." St. Petersburg, 1861.
40
Memminger, Staelin and others. "Beschreibung der Wuertembergischen Aemter." Hormayr. "Die Bayern im Morgenlande." Also Sugenheim.
41
"Ueber Stetigung und Abloesung der baeuerlichen Grundlasten mit besonderer Ruecksicht auf Bayern, Wuertemberg, Baden, Hessen, Preussen und Oesterreich." Landshut, 1848.
42
A poem of Albrecht von Johansdorf, in the collection of "Minnesang-Fruehling" (Collection of Lachman and Moritz Haupt; Leipsic, 1857; S. Hirtel), has this passage:
The openness, with which two distinct rights, according to sex, are here considered a matter of course, corresponds with views that are found in force even to this day.
43
Dr. Karl Buecher, "Die Frauenfrage im Mittelalter," Tuebingen.
44
Dr. Karl Buecher.
45
Joh. Scherr, "Geschichte der Deutschen Frauenwelt," Leipsic, 1879.
46
Leon Richter reports in "La Femme Libre" the case of a servant girl in Paris who was convicted of infanticide
47
Dr. Karl Hagen, "Deutschlands Literarische und Religioese Verhaeltnisse im Reformationszeitalter." Frankfurt-on-the-Main, 1868.
48
II., 146, Jena, 1522.
49
Dr. Karl Hagen.
50
Jacob Grimm informs us ("Deutsche Rechtsalterthuemer. Weisthum aus dem Amte Blankenburg"):
"Daer ein Man were, der sinen echten wive ver frowelik recht niet gedoin konde, der sall si sachtelik op sinen ruggen setten und draegen sie over negen erstnine und setten sie sachtelik neder sonder stoeten, slaen und werpen und sonder enig quaed woerd of oevel sehen, und roipen dae sine naebur aen, dat sie inne sines wives lives noet helpen weren, und of sine naebur dat niet doen wolden of kunden, so sall be si senden up die neiste kermisse daerbl gelegen und dat sie sik süverlik toe make und verzere und hangen ör einen buidel wail mit golde bestikt up die side, dat sie selft wat gewerven kunde: kumpt sie dannoch wider ungeholpen, so help ör dar der duifel."
As appears from Grimm, the German peasant of the Middle Ages looked in marriage, first of all, for
51
Johann Janssen, "Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes," 1525-1555, Freiburg.
52
Which is perfectly correct, and also explainable, seeing that the Bible appeared at a time when polygamy extended far and wide among the peoples of the Orient and the Occident. In the sixteenth century, however, it was in strong contradiction with the standard of morality.
53
Johann
