des Moulins, 1251–1322, French. Bible Historiale: New Testament (frontispiece), third quarter of the 14th century. Parchment, 45.5 × 31.5 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Gothic.
247. Jean le Noir, Jacquemart de Hesdin, Maître de la Trinité, Pseudonym-Jacquemart and Limbourg Brothers, French. Turin-Milan Hours (or Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry): The Birth of John the Baptist and the Baptism of Christ, 1375–1390. Illuminated manuscript, 22.5 × 13.6 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Gothic.
248. Giovanni de’Grassi, 1350–1398, Italian. Breviarium ambrosianum, known as Il Beroldo, c. 1390. Biblioteca Trivulziana, Milan. Gothic.
249. Andrea Bonaiuti, known as Andrea da Firenze, 1343–1377, Italian. Exaltation of the Work of the Dominicans, c. 1365–1367. Fresco. Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Gothic.
250. Anonymous. Hinged chest, France, 14th century. Oak and wrought iron, mortise and tenon joint, 89 × 165 × 79 cm. Musée des Arts décoratif, Paris.
251. Anonymous. Chest, end of the 14th century. Repoussé leather, engraved, painted, and gilded, on wood, brass fittings, 12 × 26 × 18 cm. Musée de Cluny, Paris.
252. Anonymous. Plate: Virgin and Child, Unicorn, c. 1370. Glass, gilded, engraved, and painted, wooden frame, 32.5 × 15 cm. Musée de Cluny, Paris.
253. Anonymous. Chest, end of the 14th century. Repoussé leather, engraved, painted, and gilded on wood, brass fittings, 12 × 26 × 18 cm. Musée de Cluny, Paris.
254. Anonymous. Baptismal basin of St Louis (Louis IX), Egypt or Syria, c. 1320–1340. Hammered brass, decoration inlaid with silver, engraved, with gold and black paste, height: 22.2 cm; diameter: 50.2 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Eastern.
255. Anonymous. A pair of mirrors: Christ between John the Baptist and Charlemagne and The Virgin between St Catherine and John the Baptist, before 1379. Gold, translucent enamel on basse-taille, diameter: 6.8 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Gothic.
256. Anonymous. St Bernard’s goblet, end of the 14th century. Pure gold, height: 22.5 cm; diameter: 15.2 cm. From the treasury of St Mary’s Cathedral, Hildesheim. Gothic.
257. Anonymous. Water pitcher from a reception in Katzenelnbogen, beginning of the 15th century. Gilded silver, height: 40 cm. Hessisches Landesmuseum, Kassel. Gothic.
258. Antonio de Carro, 1392–1410, Italian. Polyptych, Virgin and Child Surrounded by Saints, 1398. Tempera on wood, golden background, 228 × 236 cm. Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris. Gothic.
Renaissance
259. Anonymous. Reliquary of Christ’s navel, 1407. Gilded silver, coloured glass, 33.4 × 18.9 × 17.2 cm. Musée de Cluny, Paris. Gothic.
In the 14th century and early years of the 15th, elegant luxury was primarily displayed in rich fabrics and tapestries made to cover furniture, seats, and benches. The flowing draperies of the beds partook of this taste, which originated with the Crusades, and was initially inspired by the sight of the magnificent fabrics of the East. Sculpture, nevertheless, continued its progress, and even Italian woodwork began to show Oriental derivation. This age also corresponds with the complete expansion of Gothic architecture and furniture. The furniture is divided into flamboyant Gothic cloisters, crowned by fine needle-shaped sticks and flourishing leaves; their niches contain elegantly-quaint figures, and the panels, with their bas-reliefs, rival the perfection of altarpieces and religious triptychs of intricate workmanship. Accordingly, no part of these articles of furniture was covered so that the artist’s ingenious conceptions could be easily viewed, unless a covering was absolutely necessary. Much of this furniture served only for luxurious display, while that which was destined for travelling remained simple in form and was modestly concealed in those parts of the dwelling reserved for private life.
In the next section, we look at Renaissance furniture. H. Havard (Les Styles) writes:
“All furniture whose shape is not entirely determined by everyday use takes on certain characteristics of the appearance of a palace; chair legs become more rounded and column-like; cupboards, sideboards, cabinets and credence tables begin to look like small slim buildings crowned with pediments, decorated with niches and pilasters, escutcheons and entablatures.”
Whatever variations the artist uses, however, no piece of furniture escapes the general trend. Everywhere furniture is becoming broader, horizontal lines take on unprecedented importance. It is the horizontal lines which invest the item with meaning and importance both in terms of its structure and its decoration.
Let us go on with our list of the identifying features of Renaissance furniture generally, the elegance and distinction of which will only increase as the style develops its own personality. Two-part cupboards covered in marquetry, cabinets in the classical style, church stalls decorated with arabesques above which there is a row of images of sibyls, angels, and chimaera in marquetry holding floating scrolls under porticos with columns. Above the images are low reliefs surrounded by columns and mouldings and above them is a cornice which forms a canopy with pinnacles and tracery on its outer edges. Narrow panels decorated with low reliefs, above which are pointed arcades supported on small columns. The panels are divided down the middle by a column and there is beading and tracery above them. Friezes, in the middle of which, one comes across a mascaron with rinceaux of light foliage emerging from it. Rows of caryatids holding flowers and fruit, separated by niches with figures represented at the back of the niche. Two-part wardrobes with four folding doors inlaid with marble or richly decorated with low reliefs on a gilt background. Chests with carved figures which are separated by pilasters with grotesque figures on them and a small spirit or genie at the top, classical mouldings: with balusters, gadroons, tracery, egg, and dart patterns, etc.
One particularly popular piece of furniture in the 16th century was a large cabinet consisting of a kind of round-topped chest which was raised on four legs and full of small drawers which could only be seen when the large wooden doors which made this piece essentially a wardrobe and which hid the drawers were open. There were also roll-tops, etc. As far as chairs and panelling are concerned, while during the Gothic period they were made of carved wood, during the Renaissance they were upholstered in either tooled or stamped leather from either Spain or Flanders. Even the chimney pieces and roofs were elegantly shaped and carefully decorated. This is typical of the Renaissance when the aim was always to embellish.
Were it not for the extremely original nature of their carving, in various degrees of relief, French Renaissance furniture (unlike Italian Renaissance furniture which was characterised by its strange mosaics of coloured stones and copper figurines) would be rather monotonous given that it was made of a single wood and was, therefore, one colour only. The range of furniture available remained limited and, though beautiful,
