whereas fluctus and fluenta, like billows, the water moved by something external, as storms and so forth; fluctus, the billows more in connection with the whole, the billowy sea, whereas fluentum denotes a single billow. It is only the stormy sea, the boisterous stream, that urges on its billows, but every piece of water, that is not entirely stagnant, has its waves. Hence there is a great distinction between these two images in Cicero, Mil. 2, 5. Tempestates et procellas in illis duntaxat fluctibus concionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas; that is, in the tumultuously agitated assemblies: and Planc. 6, 15. Si campus atque illæ undæ comitiorum, ut mare profundum et immensum, sic effervescunt quodam quasi æstu; that is, the lightly moving assemblies. Sen. N. Q. iii. 10. Quid si ullam undam superesse mireris, quæ superveniat tot fluctibus fractis. And iv. 2. Nec mergit cadens unda, sed planis aquis tradit. (ii. 10.)
Aquosus, see Udus.
Arbitrari, see Censere.
Arcana; Secreta; Mysteria. Arcana denotes secrets, in a good sense, such as are so of themselves, and from their own nature, and should be spoken of with awe; thus arcana, as a popular term, denotes secrets of all sorts; on the other hand, mysteria, as a learned term, denotes religious secrets, like the Eleusinian mysteries; lastly, secreta denotes secrets, in the most ordinary sense, such as are made so by men, and which seek concealment from some particular fear. Tac. Ann. i. 6. Sallustius Crispus particeps secretorum.. monuit Liviam, ne arcana domus vulgarentur. (iv. 429.)
Arcere; Prohibere. Arcere (ἀρκεῖν, from ἐρύκειν) means to keep off and bar the entry, in opp. to admittere, Plin. H. N. xii. 1; on the other hand, prohibere means to keep at a distance, and prevent the approach, in opp. to adhibere. The arcens makes defensive opposition, like the resistens, and protects the threatened; but the prohibens acts on the offensive, like the propulsans, and retaliates hostility on the assailant. (iv. 430.)
Arcessere; Accire; Evocare; Accersere. 1. Arcessere and accersere denote, in the most general sense, merely, to send for; accire supposes a co-ordinate relation in those that are sent for, as, to invite; evocare, a subordinate relation, as, to summon. The arcessens asks, the acciens entreats, the evocans commands, a person to make his appearance. Cic. Att. v. 1. Tu invita mulieres, ego accivero pueros: compare with Dejot. 5. Venit vel rogatus ut amicus, vel arcessitus ut socius, vel evocatus ut qui senatui parere didicisset. Or, Liv. x. 19. Collegæ auxilium, quod acciendum ultro fuerit, with xliv. 31. Evocati literis imperatoris. And xxix. 11. Æbutia accita ad Sulpiciam venit; and 12. Ut Hispalam libertinam arcesseret ad sese. 2. Arcessere (from cedere) means, originally, to order to approach; on the other hand, accersere (from σκαίρω), to come quickly, or, to make haste; but both words have been confounded with each other, from similarity of sound. (iii. 283.)
Arctus, see Angustus.
Ardere; Flagrare. Ardere (from ἐρεύθειν) means to be in a visible glowing heat, like αἴθειν; on the other hand, flagrare, to be in bright flames, like φλέγεσθαι. Hence, metaphorically, ardere is applied to a secret passion; flagrare, to a passion that bursts forth. Cic. Or. iii. 2, 8. Non vidit Crassus flagrantem bello Italiam, non ardentem invidia senatum. (iv. 21.)
Arduus; Difficilis. Arduus (from ὀρθός) means difficult to ascend, in opp. to pronus; on the other hand, difficilis means difficult to execute, in opp. to facilis. Arduus involves a stronger notion of difficulty, and denotes the difficult when it borders on the impossible. Plin. Ep. iv. 17. Est enim res difficilis ardua. Tac. Hist. ii. 76. Æstimare debent, an quod inchoatur, reipublicæ utile, ipsis gloriosum, aut promptum effectu, aut certe non arduum sit. Cic. Verr. i. 51. Cum sibi omnes ad illum allegationes difficiles, omnes aditos arduos, ac pæne interclusos, viderent. (ii. 105.)
Arduus, see Altus.
Arena, see Sabulo.
Arguere; Incusare; Culpare; Criminari; Insimulare; Deferre; Accusare. Arguere (from ἀργός) is the most general expression for any imputation of supposed or actual guilt, whether in a court of justice or not, as to tax or charge with; incusare, and the less frequent term culpare, denote only a complaint made out of a court of justice; criminari, an accusation with hostile or evil intention, in a calumnious spirit; insimulare, in an undeserved or slanderous manner, through suspicion; deferre, to impeach before a judge; accusare, to impeach in a criminal court. Cic. Lig. 4, 10. Arguis fatentem. Non est satis. Accusas eum. (ii. 163.)
Aridus; Torridus; Siccus. Aridus and torridus denote an internal want of moisture; but things that are arida (from areo) have lost their moisture from a heat acting within, like αὖος, in opp. to humidus. Plin. Pan. 30, 4; on the other hand, torrida (from τέρσω), from a heat penetrating from without, in opp. to uvidus, like σκληρός; – siccus denotes dryness that is only external, confined to the surface, in opp. to madidus, like ξηρός. Plin. H. N. xii. 12. Ne sint fragilia et arida potius quam sicca folia. And xv. 29. Cato docuit vinum fieri ex nigra myrta siccata usque in ariditatem in umbra. Colum. vii. 4. (vi. 244.)
Arista, see Culmus.
Armentum, see Pecus.
Armus; Humerus; Ala; Axilla. Armus (ramus?) is the highest part of the upper arm in men; the fore-leg in beasts; the shoulder-blade, as part of the whole body, distinguished from scapula, as part of the skeleton, like ὦμος; humerus, the flat surface, which in the human body is over the upper arm, the shoulder, like ἐπωμίς; ala and axilla, the cavity which is under the upper arm, the arm-pit, like μασχάλη. Ovid, Met. xii. 396. Ex humeris medios coma dependebat in armos. And x. 599. xiv. 304. Plin. H. N. xi. 43. (iv. 27.)
Arrogantia, see Superbia.
Artes, see Literæ.
Artifex, see Faber.
Artus, see Membrum.
Arundo, see Culmus.
Arvum, see Villa.
Ascia; Securis. Ascia is the carpenter’s axe, to split wood; securis, the butcher’s cleaver, to cut meat.
Asper, see Horridus.
Aspernari, see Spernere.
Assentiri; Assentari; Blandiri; Adulari. 1. Assentiri means to assent from conviction, in opp. to dissentire; but assentari, to express assent, whether from conviction or from hypocrisy, in opp. to adversari. Vell. P. ii. 48. Cic. Rosc. Am. 16, 99. Plaut. Most. i. 3, 100. Amph. ii. 2, 70. 2. Assentari denotes the flattery which shuns contradicting a person, like θωπεύειν; blandiri (μέλδειν), that which says what is agreeable to another, like ἀρεσκεύειν; adulari (from δοῦλος), that which would please at the expense of self-degradation, like κολακεύειν. The assentans, as a flatterer, would, by surrendering his right to an independent opinion;
