– дополнительная информация – қосымша мәлімет
specific course of action – определенные действия – белгілі әрекеттер
voluntary standard – рекомендательный (необязательный) стандарт – ұсыныс жасайтын (ерікті) стандарт
Ex. 1. Read and translate the text
Technical standards
A technical standard is an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. A technical standard can also be a controlled artifact or similar formal means used for calibration. Reference Standards and certified reference materials have an assigned value by direct comparison with a reference base. A p rimary standard is usually under the jurisdiction of a national standards body. Secondary, tertiary, check standards and standard materials may be used for reference in a metrology system. A key requirement in this case is (metrological) traceability, an unbroken paper trail of calibrations back to the primary standard.
A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions, and trade associations. Standards organizations often have more diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards: these might become mandatory if adopted by a government, business contract, etc.
The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus of technical experts.
The primary types of technical standards are:
– A standard specification is an explicit set of requirements for an item, material, component, system or service. It is often used to formalize the technical aspects of a procurement agreement or contract. For example, there may be a sp ecification for a turbine blade for a jet engine that defines the exact material and performance requirements.
– A standard test method describes a definitive procedure that produces a t est result. It may involve making a car eful personal observation or conducting a highly technical measurement. For example, a physical property of a material is often affected by the precise method of testing: any reference to the property should therefore reference the test method used.
– A standard practice or procedure gives a set of instructions for performing operations or functions. For example, there are detailed standard operating procedures for operation of a nuclear power plant.
– A standard guide is general information or options that do not require a specific course of action.
– A standard definition is formally established terminology.
– Standard units, in physics and applied mathematics, are commonly accepted measurements of physical quantities.
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions
1. What is technical standard?
2. What organizations can develop technical standards?
3. What is standard practice?
4. How do you understand standard test method?
5. What standard unites do you know?
Ex. 3. Are these sentences true or false?
1. A technical standard can also be a controlled means used for metrology.
2. A technical standard may be developed by government.
3. A primary standard is usually under the jurisdiction of the government.
4. A standard practice or procedure gives a set of instructions for performing operations or functions.
5. Standard guide gives only specific information about standards.
6. The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus of technical experts.
7. A standard specification is an explicit set of requirements for research processes.
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