Building Information Modeling For Dummies. Swaddle Paul

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these interoperable models together is called federation. You may hear the term federated BIM, which basically means that the various parties have combined their work (fabric, structure, lighting, mechanical services) into one model, making it easier to see where the problems and clashes are. However, the authorship of the models is clear, so no confusion exists about liability or design responsibility. The information also has to go through a number of approval gates, which refers to a regular process of coordinating multiple sources of data into one, clear package of information for pre-defined stages of the project. Refer to Chapter 8 for more discussion about federated BIM.

       Prescriptive specification

      As the project evolves, you can refine in greater detail some of the objects that were placeholders at early stages. You can begin to rationalize the design and specification to indicate as many properties of each object that you know; for example, the appearance, materials, and finishes of the items that you’d previously specified just in terms of their performance. This is moving from a descriptive- or performance-based specification into a prescriptive one.

       Manufacturer information

      After the client makes decisions about systems in the project in the information model, you can begin replacing generic and placeholder objects with real building product manufacturer data. Alongside proprietary BIM objects that reflect the change, design teams can coordinate the specification data to provide access to manufacturers’ properties like energy consumption and guidance such as operation or maintenance instructions.

       Energy analysis

      Another great benefit of information modeling is that you can clearly see the impact of design, orientation, and engineering decisions on the energy efficiency of the project. Consider that designers and consultants can run sophisticated simulations to demonstrate solar gain and shading, thermal mass calculations, and power consumption. Now combine that with what you know about the energy regulations in your area, including Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification in the United States (www.usgbc.org/leed), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) for assessment in the UK (www.breeam.org), SKA rating for fit-out projects in the UK (www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/ska-rating), or Green Star in Australia (www.gbca.org.au/green-star). Harness the power of BIM technology so that you can see easily how small changes can improve the assessment.

      

Whenever you’re adding information into the model, think about what you need to embed in the model and what you can just link. In BIM platforms, you can associate objects with nongraphical information. Sometimes providing linked information is more useful.

Exporting information from the model

      Receivers of the data are the end users, which means anyone who may want to export information into another format, print an image or PDF, interrogate the model in a BIM-viewer software program, or generate maintenance instructions, such as a client or contractor.

      

The quality of your output can only ever be as good as the information within the BIM. Especially in federated models, you’re often reliant on the quality and accuracy of others’ work. For BIM to really work, the entire project team has to trust the professional competence and integrity of all the other parties.

      In the same way that you can add information to the model in various forms (geometric or text-based), you can also generate a range of outputs.

      Here’s a list of potential scenarios:

      ✔ You need to view part of the BIM for an internal design review.

      ✔ You need to output all data at contractor-tendering stage.

      ✔ You need to export the BIM to a model-checking tool to look for errors and clashes.

      ✔ You need to generate PDF drawings for building code approval.

      ✔ You need to print a visualization for a promotional marketing campaign.

      ✔ You need to send a drawing of a detail to a contractor on-site. Increasingly, contractors are beginning to use federated and cloud-based BIM for construction, and we look closely at on-site use in Chapter 16.

      

Information export often follows a pre-defined series of agreed outputs called data drops. The project’s BIM protocol describes the required file formats and exchange schema, which depend on the purpose of the output. Don’t worry; this just means a clear plan already exists for how the right amount of data needs to export and communicate your information, at the right time.

      Maintaining Information in the Model

      You need to think about the project beyond the traditional end of a design phase and past the construction phase and handover. In other words, knowing who updates and maintains the information is important.

      

You can think of BIM as a constant work in progress, because it refers to the whole lifecycle of a project. To realize the true vision of BIM, you want to be able to use the information not just during design or construction but also for facility management and operation, and potentially to understand actual building use. You certainly don’t want to have to start the whole process again when the project later needs extension or renovation.

      Consider the following questions and think about how the answers can help you to plan a maintenance strategy for your model information:

      ✔ When will your model go out of date? Will this happen as soon as something changes the design on-site?

      ✔ Will your model be accurate for as-built records? Will it contain manufacturer objects instead of generic ones throughout?

      ✔ How will you keep the model up to date? Would your client consider paying someone else, like an asset management company, to keep the currency of the model during operational phases?

      ✔ Will you need to link your model with other systems and synchronize the data you’re using with other teams further into the project’s lifecycle?

      The following sections look at these issues of updating the model in detail and help you to recognize that BIM isn’t a static output, but that it’s an evolving flow of information.

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