Креативное созидание. Гэри Пизано

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      Сноски

      1

      National Science Foundation, "Science & Engineering Indicators, 2016," https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsb20161/#/report/chapter-4/recent.-trends-in-u-s-r-d-performance; PwC, "Corporate R&D Spending Hits. Record High for Top 1000, Despite Concerns of Economic Protectionism," press release, October 24, 2017, https://www.pwc.com/us/en/press-releases/2017/corporate-rd-spending-hits-record-highs-for-the-top-1000.html; Industrial Research Institute, "2017 Global R&D Forecast," supplement, R&D Magazine, 7.

      2

      KPMG, "2017 Global Venture Capital Investment Hits Decade High of $155 Billion Following a Strong Q4: KPMG Venture Pulse," press release, January 18, 2018, https://www.home.kpmg.com/sg/en/home/media/press-releases/2018/01/kpmg-venture-pulse-q4-2017.html.

      3

      Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942; London: Routledge, 1994), 82–83.

      4

      Joseph A. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).

      5

      К важнейшим исследованиям по этой теме относятся: William Abernathy and Kim Clark, "Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction," Research Policy 14 (1985): 3–22; Michael L. Tushman and Philip Anderson, "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments," Administrative Science Quarterly 31, no. 3 (1986): 439–465; Rebecca M. Henderson and Kim B. Clark, "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms," Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 1 (1990): 9–30; Clayton Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

      6

      Andrew Baum, Peter Verdult, C. C. Chugbo, et al., "Pharmaceuticals: Exit Research and Create Value," Morgan Stanley Research, January 20, 2010.

      7

      Для ознакомления с обзором статистических исследований по этой теме см. Wesley Cohen, "Fifty Years of Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity and Performance," in Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, ed. B. H. Hall and N. Rosenberg, 129–213 (Amsterdam: North Holland Elsevier, 2010).

      8

      Для ознакомления с описанием исследования см. Gary Pisano, Science Business: The Promise, Reality, and Future of Biotech (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006).

      9

      См. Tushman and Anderson, "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments"; Abernathy and Clark "Innovation"; and later Christensen, Innovator's Dilemma.

      10

      Существует масса замечательных историй об IBM 360. Например, см. Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark, Design Rules: The Power of Modularity – Volume (Boston: MIT Press, 1990). См. также IBM Archives, https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR360.html.

      11

      "Fortune 500 Archive, 1964 Full List," Fortune, https://www.archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1964/.

      12

      Fortune 500 2007, Fortune, http://fortune.com/fortune500/2007/.

      13

      "Fortune 500 Archive, 2004 Full List," Fortune, https://www.archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2004/301.html.

      14

      Amazon: Financials, Yahoo Finance, accessed April 4, 2018, https://www.finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN/financials?p=AMZN.

      15

      Alphabet, Fortune 500, April 6, 2018, https://www.fortune.com/fortune500/alphabet/.

      16

      Trefis.com, "Total Revenue of Johnson & Johnson Worldwide from 2012 to 2024 (in Billion U.S. Dollars)," accessed March 29, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/258392/total-revenue-of-johnson-und-johnson-worldwide/.

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