8.5; antimony, 10; copper, 5 parts.
XXII.—Tin, 42; antimony, 16; lead, 42 parts.
XXIII.—Tin, 72; antimony, 26; copper, 2 parts.
XXIV.—Tin, 81; antimony, 12.5; copper, 6.5 parts.
White Metals Based On Copper.—
I.—Copper, 65 parts; arsenic, 55 parts.
II.—Copper, 64 parts; arsenic, 50 parts.
III.—Copper, 10 parts; zinc, 20 parts; nickel, 30 parts.
IV.—Nickel, 70 parts; copper, 30 parts; zinc, 20 parts.
V.—Nickel, 60 parts; copper, 30 parts; zinc, 30 parts.
VI.—Copper, 8 parts; nickel, 4 parts; zinc, 4 parts.
VII.—Copper, 10 parts; nickel, 5 parts; zinc, 5 parts.
VIII.—Copper, 8 parts; nickel, 3 parts; zinc, 4 parts.
IX.—Copper, 50 parts; nickel, 25 parts; zinc, 25 parts.
X.—Copper, 55 parts; nickel, 24 parts; zinc, 21 parts.
XI.—Copper, 55 parts; nickel, 24 parts; zinc, 16 parts; iron, 2 parts; tin, 3 parts.
IX, X, and XI are suitable for tableware.
XII.—Copper, 67 parts, and arsenic, 53 parts.
XIII.—Copper, 63 parts, and arsenic, 57 parts.
XII and XIII are bright gray, unaffected by the temperature of boiling water; they are fusible at red heat.
White Metals Based On Platinum.—
I.—Platinum, 1 part; copper, 4 parts; or platinum, 1 1/2 parts; copper, 3 1/2 parts.
II.—Platinum, 10 parts; tin, 90 parts; or platinum, 8 parts; tin, 92 parts.
III.—Platinum, 7 parts; copper, 13 parts; tin, 80 parts.
IV.—Platinum, 2 parts; steel, 98 parts.
V.—Platinum, 2.5 parts; steel, 97.5 parts.
IV and V are for gun metal.
Miscellaneous White-metal Alloys.—
I.—For lining cross-head slides: Lead, 65 parts; antimony, 25 parts; copper, 10 parts. Some object to white metal containing lead or zinc. It has been found, however, that lead and zinc have properties of great use in these alloys.
II.—Tin, 85 parts; antimony, 7 1/2 parts; copper, 7 1/2 parts.
III.—Tin, 90 parts; copper, 3 parts; antimony, 7 parts. {80}
Zinc Alloys:
Bidery Metal.
—This is sometimes composed of 31 parts of zinc, 2 parts of copper, and 2 parts of lead; the whole is melted on a layer of rosin or wax to avoid oxidation. This metal is very resistive; it does not oxidize in air or moisture. It takes its name from the town of Bider, near Hyderabad (India), where it was prepared for the first time industrially for the manufacture of different utensils.
Other compositions of Indian Bidery metal (frequently imitated in England) are about as follows:
| P.C. | P.C. | P.C. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copper | 3.5 | 11.4 | 16 |
| Zinc | 93.4 | 84.3 | 112 |
| Tin | — | 1.4 | 2 |
| Lead | 3.1 | 2.9 | 4 |
Erhardt recommends the following as being both ductile and hard:
| Zinc | 89 to 93 |
| Tin | 9 to 6 |
| Lead | 2 to 4 |
| Copper | 2 to 4 |
The tin is first melted, and the lead, zinc, and copper added successively.
Zinc-nickel.
—Zinc, 90 parts; nickel, 10 parts. Used in powder form for painting and cloth printing purposes.
Platine For Dress Buttons.
—Copper, 43 parts; zinc, 57 parts.
Unclassified Alloys:
Alloys For Drawing Colors On Steel.
—Alloys of various composition are successfully used for drawing colors on steel. To draw to a straw color use 2 parts of lead and 1 part of tin, and melt in an iron ladle. Hold the steel piece to be drawn in the alloy as it melts and it will turn to straw color. This mixture melts at a temperature of about 437° F. For darker yellow use 9 parts of lead to 4 parts of tin, which melts at 458° F. For purple, use 3 parts of lead to 1 part of tin, the melting temperature being 482° F. For violet, use 9 parts of lead to 2 parts of tin, which melts at 494° F. Lead without any alloy will draw steel to a dark blue. The above apply to steel only since iron requires a somewhat greater heat and is more or less uncertain in handling.
Alloy For Pattern Letters And Figures.
—A good alloy for casting pattern letters and figures and similar small parts of brass, iron, or plaster molds, is made of lead 80 parts, and antimony 20 parts. A better alloy will be lead 70 parts, antimony and bismuth each 15 parts. To insure perfect work the molds should be quite hot by placing them over a Bunsen burner.
Alloy For Caliper And Gage-rod Castings.
—A mixture of 30 parts zinc to 70 parts aluminum gives a light and durable alloy for gage rods and caliper legs; the gage rods must be steel tipped, for the alloy is soft and wears away too rapidly for gage points.
Alloys For Small Casting Molds.
