for food security. In: Resilience of Agricultural Systems Against Crises, 19–21 September 2012, Göttingen-Kassel/Witzenhausen, Germany.
National Research Council (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Oelke, E.A., Putnam, D.H., Teynor, T.M. and Oplinger, E.S. (1992) Alternative Field Crops Manual. Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products, University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service, Madison, Wisconsin.
Partap, T. and Kapoor, P. (1985) The Himalayan grain chenopods I. distribution and ethnobotany. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 14, 185–199.
Partap, T., Joshi, B.D. and Galwey, N.W. (1998) Chenopods: Chenopodium spp. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. I.P.G.R.I., Rome, Italy.
Pulvento, C., Riccardi, M., Lavini, A., D’Andria, R., Iafelice, G. and Marconi, E. (2010) Field trial evaluation of two Chenopodium quinoa genotypes grown under rain-fed conditions in a typical Mediterranean environment in South Italy. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 196, 407–411.
Risi, J. and Galwey, N.W. (1989a) Chenopodium grains of the Andes: a crop for the temperate latitudes. In: Wickens, G.E., Haq, N. and Day, P. (eds) New Crops for Food and Industry. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Risi, J. and Galwey, N.W. (1989b) The pattern of genetic diversity in the Andean grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). I. Associations between characteristics. Euphytica 41, 147–162.
Rojas, W. (1998) Análisis de la diversidad genética del germoplasma de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) de Bolivia, mediante métodos multivariados. MSc. thesis, Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Valdivia, Chile.
Rojas, W., Soto, J.-L. and Carrasco, E. (2004) Study on the Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of Quinoa Promotion in Bolivia. PROINPA Foundation, La Paz, Bolivia.
Shams, A. (2011) Combat degradation in rain fed areas by introducing new drought tolerant crops in Egypt. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 1, 318–325.
Taboada, C., Mamani, A., Raes, D., Mathijs, E., García, M., Geerts, S. and Gilles, J. (2011) Farmers’ willingness to adopt irrigation for quinoa in communities of the Central Altiplano of Bolivia. Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico 16, 7–28.
Tapia, M. (1982) The Environment, Crops and Agricultural Systems in the Andes and Southern Peru. IICA, Lima, Peru.
Vacher, J.J. (1998) Responses of two main Andean crops, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and papa amarga (Solanum juzepczukii Buk.) to drought on the Bolivian Altiplano: significance of local adaptation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68, 99–108.
Wilson, H.D. (1990) Quinua and relatives (Chenopodium sect. Chenopodium subsect. Cellulata). Economic Botany 44, 92–110.
Yamashita, A., Isobe, K. and Ishii, R. (2007) Agronomic studies on quinoa cultivation in Japan. I. Determination of the proper seeding time in the southern Kanto district for good performance of the grain yield. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 76, 59–64.
4 Taxonomy
4.1 Introduction
Chenopodium, commonly known as pigweed or goosefoot, includes a wide array of species and is native to all the inhabited continents as well as far-flung archipelagos like Juan Fernandez, New Zealand and Hawaii (Jellen et al., 2011). The genus Chenopodium sensu lato was formerly in the family Chenopodiaceae but phylogenetic revision has merged the Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae under the name Amaranthaceae (APG, 1998). The species are mostly colonizing herbaceous annuals occupying large areas in the Americas, Asia and Europe, though some are also suffrutescent (sect. Ambrina) and arborescent perennials (sect. Skottsbergia) (Wilson, 1990; Bhargava et al., 2005). Most of the annual members of the genus show a series of complex adaptive modifications associated with breeding system, dispersal and germination that allow occupation of disturbed areas in otherwise prime habitat (Wilson, 1990; Bhargava et al., 2007). These ecological specializations represent a strong, positive preadaptive syndrome for exploitation of global disturbance associated with the relatively recent development and spread of agriculture (Wilson, 1990). However, as compared with other plants of dry environments, they lack typical adaptations like Kranz type leaf anatomy and the C4
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
