who played a critical role in advancing treatment?9 Descartes created a mind–body distinction that science since that time has had to address: How can a material body including the brain be influenced by an immaterial process such as the mind? How can a thought influence a cell in the brain? How would you handle the mind–body problem?
10 What we now know about the structure and function of the human brain and nervous system has developed across many times and places. Bring together in a model the pieces you consider important to your current understanding of the human brain and nervous system.
11 Describe the contributions of the following individuals from different perspectives to the field of psychological treatment as a whole: Sigmund Freud, Hans Strupp, Carl Rogers, Leslie Greenberg, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Aaron Beck.
For Further Reading
Andreasen, N. (2001). Brave new brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Beck, A. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cheney, T. (2008). Manic. New York, NY: William Morrow.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London, UK: John Murray.
Freud, S. (1966). Project for a scientific psychology. Standard Edition, 1, 281–397. (Original work published 1895)
Kandel, E. (2005). Psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and the new biology of mind. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publications.
Kandel, E. (2012). The age of insight: The quest to understand the unconscious in art, mind, and brain, from Vienna 1900 to the present. New York, NY: Random House.
Kottler, J. (2006). Divine madness: Ten stories of creative struggle. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Nasar, S. (1998). A beautiful mind. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Pribram, K., & Gill, M. (1976). Freud’s “project” re-assessed. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York, NY: Random House.
Strupp, H., & Binder, J. (1984). Psychotherapy in a new key. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Key Terms and Concepts
abnormal psychology 3
behavioral and experiential perspective 5
behavioral perspective 31
classical conditioning 32
client-centered therapy 30
cognitive behavioral perspective 33
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 34
cultural perspective 9
emotion-focused therapy 30
evolutionary perspective 6
existential-humanistic perspective 29
extinction 32
hierarchical integration 20
levels of analysis 6
mindfulness 31
natural selection 21
neuroscience perspective 6
observational learning (or modeling) 33
operant conditioning 33
psychoanalysis 29
psychodynamic perspective 28
psychopathology 3
reinforcement 33
sexual selection 21
signs 22
stigma 5
symptoms 22
syndrome 22
variation 21
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2 Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
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Chapter Outline
The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective
Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters
A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function
Neurons and Neural Transmission
How Does the Neuron Pass Information?
Major Neurotransmitters
Encoding Information
How Do We Observe the Brain at Work?
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Spatial
