genes 67
genotype 68
heterozygotes or heterozygous 67
homozygotes or homozygous 67
magnetoencephalography (MEG) 52
Mendel’s first law or the law of segregation 66
Mendel’s second law or the law of independent assortment 66
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 71
mitochondrial inheritance 71
modularity 64
neuroethics 59
neurotransmitters 46
phenotype 68
positron emission tomography (PET) 53
proteins 67
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 68
salience network 62
small world framework 61
edge.sagepub.com/rayabnormal2e
Master these Learning Objectives with SAGE edge!
SAGE edge offers a robust online environment featuring an impressive array of free tools and resources for review, study, and further exploration, keeping both instructors and students on the cutting edge of teaching and learning.
3 Research Methods
© iStockphoto.com/TommL
Chapter Outline
What Is Science?
Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological Research
Case Study
Naturalistic Observation: Just Looking
Correlational Approach: What Goes With What
The Experimental Method: Making It Happen
Definitions in the Experimental Method
Does Playing Music Change the Brain?
Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of Science
Validity
What Do I Expect to Happen?
Designing an Experimental Study
Participants in the Study
Putting Participants in Groups
Designing and Structuring the Experimental Study
Is the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?
Null Hypothesis and Inferential Statistics
Confound Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
CULTURAL LENS: Randomized Controlled Trials of Global Mental Health Treatments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Other Types of Experimental Designs and Research Considerations
Single-Subject Designs
Longitudinal Research
Epidemiological Research
Research Involving Genetics
Behavioral Genetics
Clinical and Statistical Significance
Replication and Meta-Analysis
LENS: Treatment and Clinical Perspectives—Failure to Publish the Results of All Clinical Trials Is Hurting Medical Science
Ethics and the Scientific Experiment
The Experiment as an Ethical Problem
Ingredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant Dialogue
Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
The Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the Experimenter
What Is Harmful to a Research Participant?
The Institutional Review Board
The Ethical Relationship
Summary
Study Resources
Review Questions
For Further Reading
Key Terms and Concepts
SAGE edge
Learning Objectives
3.1 Describe the characteristics of the scientific approach.
3.2 Describe the characteristics of the nonexperimental methods of psychological research.
3.3 Explain why the experimental research method is generally considered more reliable than nonexperimental methods.
3.4 Identify the steps in designing an experimental study.
3.5 Identify other types of research and considerations in studying psychopathology.
3.6
