3.2 Microscopy
3.2.1 Optical microscopy
3.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy
3.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy
3.3 Spectroscopy applied to nanomaterials
3.3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.4 Diffraction and scattering techniques
3.4.2 Dynamic light scattering
3.6 Summary: key lessons for characterisation of nanomaterials
4 Conventional methods to prepare nanomaterials
4.1 Top-down and bottom-up methods
4.4 Nucleation and growth theory
4.4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation
4.5 Conventional bottom-up methods
4.6 Emerging bottom-up methods
4.6.4 Layer-by-layer self-assembly
4.6.5 Solution synthesis of nanoparticles
4.7 Summary: key lessons about conventional routes to nanomaterials
Section III From biominerals to green nanomaterials
5 Green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.1 Sustainability of nanomaterials production
5.2 Reasons behind unsustainability
5.3 Evaluation of sustainability for selected methods
5.3.1 E-factors for solution methods
5.3.2 How green is soft lithography?
5.3.3 Templated synthesis: surely sustainable?
5.4 Adopting green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.5 Biological and biochemical terminology and methods
5.5.1 Molecular biology component
5.5.2 Molecular biological techniques
5.6 Summary: key lessons about sustainability nanomaterials production
6 Biomineralisation: how Nature makes nanomaterials
6.1 Introduction
