been instrumental in providing the ammunition for this book and for their patience during the writing stages. SS thanks Dr Andrea Rawlings and SP thanks Dr Joe Manning and Dr Mauro Chiacchia for their help with conceptualising some of the complex aspects/mechanisms included in this book. We are grateful to have had support from Ms Yung Hei Tung (Jodie), Dr Andrea Rawlings, Dr Johanna Galloway and Dr Scott Bird for artwork for some of the figures, and Ms Amber Keegan for help with copyright permissions. We also thank various funding agencies for supporting projects where we developed some of the ideas underpinning this book. In particular we thank EPSRC and BBSRC for funding the SynBIM project (EP/P006892/1, http://www.synbim.co.uk and BB/H005412/1). Finally, we thank the reviewers for their insightful feedback: from the initial book proposal, to friends providing comments on early drafts (thanks to Professor Maggie Cusack, Professor Marc Knecht and Dr Fabio Nudelman) and the reviewers of the completed draft. We offer sincere thanks to the publisher for their support and patience.
Finally, we would both like to thank our families. Academia is a challenging and intense career and this is only amplified when one chooses to write a book on top of our other commitments. We are most grateful to our families for their love and support both generally and specifically over the period of writing this book. We both have young children and are especially grateful: SP to his wife Geetanjali and SS to her husband Luke and our parents, for unquestioning childcare that enabled us to achieve this body of work. We are also grateful to our children: Ninaad and Nishaad, and Owen, Alex and Joel, for their interest in our work, for making us laugh and their inquisitive nature that reminds us every day what this is all for.
Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland
Sheffield, August 2019.
Author biographies
Siddharth V Patwardhan
Siddharth is currently a Professor of Sustainable Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Sheffield. He obtained a first degree in chemical engineering at the University of Pune (India) followed by a master’s and doctoral degrees in materials science at the University of Cincinnati (USA). He gained post-doctoral experience in inorganic chemistry at the University of Delaware (USA) and Nottingham Trent University (UK). After taking up a short-term lectureship in Chemistry, he became a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde in 2010. He then moved to Sheffield to take up a position of Senior Lecturer, where he was promoted to a Professor in 2018.
Siddharth leads the Green Nanomaterials Research Group (www.svplab.com), with a vision to develop sustainable routes to functional nanomaterials. His group focusses on the discovery of bioinspired nanomaterials, assessing their scalability and developing manufacturing technologies for energy, environmental, biomedical and engineering applications.
Siddharth is an EPSRC Fellow in Manufacturing and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He has played a key role in a number of national and international networks as well as conference organisation. One such symposium relevant to this book is on ‘Green Synthesis and Manufacturing of Nanomaterials’, as part of the ACS Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference in 2017. Siddharth is passionate about mentoring early career researchers and has received numerous awards including Dedicated Outstanding Mentor, Teaching Excellence and recognition as a SuperVisionary for all-round supervision.
Sarah S Staniland
Sarah is currently a Reader of Bionanomaterials in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Sheffield. She obtained an integrated undergraduate master’s degree in Chemistry followed by a doctorate in Materials Chemistry (2001, 2005) both at the University of Edinburgh (UK).
After her PhD she won a prestigious independent EPSRC Life Science Interface Fellowship (2005–8) at the University of Edinburgh, where she initiated the research in which she is currently active. This helped her transition from chemical material sciences to interdisciplinary work at the interface with biology. She took this opportunity to live and work in various places globally, from Cape Town to Tokyo, forming lasting collaborations. She then took up a Lectureship in Bionanoscience in the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds in 2008, where she was promoted to Associate Professor in 2013. She moved to Sheffield in 2013 and was promoted to Reader of Bionanoscience in 2016.
Sarah leads the Bionanomagnetic Research Group which studies the biomimetic synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials, particularly inspired from how magnetite nanoparticles are produced within magnetic bacteria. From a basis of material chemistry and PhD in magnetic materials, Sarah has moved into a multidisciplinary approach of using biology to control material synthesis. She has been invited to speak at and organised national and international conferences to promote this research area and been a board member of the Royal Society of Chemistry Materials Chemistry Division. This multidisciplinary research field requires a highly skilled, open-minded and diverse research team, which she is passionate about training, developing and mentoring and is very grateful to them all. Sarah is committed to teaching, in particular multidisciplinary science which falls at the interface between several standard degree subjects, and is always experimenting with novel methods and techniques to improve her teaching in this area. She has taught a course on bionanoscience (covering much of the material in this book) for ten years. Sarah has won three prestigious awards recently, including two for her research: the acclaimed RSC Harrison Meldola Award in 2016 and the Wain Award in 2017, as well as the Suffrage Science Award in 2017 for her work on the promotion of gender equality.
Section I
Green chemistry principles
Image courtesy of bluebay/Shutterstock.
This short section consists of a chapter on green chemistry and engineering. It introduces the 12 principles of green chemistry and various drivers for making a given process or product greener. Further, ways to improve sustainability are discussed mainly in terms of the cost of the waste produced. A brief introduction is provided on how to evaluate the sustainability or green credentials of a given process or product leading to a discussion on ways to improve sustainability. These concepts will be used in other chapters in the book in order to explore potential (un)sustainable aspects of a given method for nanomaterials synthesis. This section aims to set the scene for the book and the principles explained will be revisited in later sections of the book, in order to put them in the context of nanomaterials synthesis and manufacturing.
IOP Publishing
Green Nanomaterials
From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials
Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland
Chapter 1
Green chemistry and engineering
1.1 Principles of green chemistry and engineering
1.1.1 Overview
At present, we are highly reliant on chemical processes because of the benefits they bring to us. Examples of sectors where chemical industry has impacted our lives include healthcare, transportation, communications and food, constituting total sales of around €1.5 trillion globally [
