origin and abuses
Attempts to make lawyers life peers
The peerage of Lord Wensleydale (1856)
Later attempts to create life peers
Lord Selborne's Court of Appeal (1873)
Lord Cairns's new Appellate Court in the House of Lords
Excessive and increasing number of new peerages
Elements from which they are drawn
Imperfect recognition of non-political eminence
One-sided political influence in the House of Lords
This fact a recent one—Its causes
Parliamentary history, 1892–1895
The election of 1895, and its lessons
The importance of a reform of the House of Lords not diminished
Foreign Upper Houses
The Senate of the United States
Upper Houses in Prussia, Austria, and Italy
Colonial Constitutions
The Canadian Senate—The Newfoundland Constitution
African colonial Governments—The island colonies
Upper Chambers in Australia and New Zealand
Proposals for Reforming the House of Lords
Advantages of retaining a limited hereditary element
Proposals for a larger introduction of the representative principle
Right of ministers to sit in both Houses
Advantages and disadvantages of carrying unfinished legislation into a second session
This should at least be done in the case of amendments in the Lords
Changes in the basis of international politics
The rights of nationalities in the French Revolution
Completely ignored after the fall of Napoleon
Signs of revival before 1830—French Revolution of that year
Italian writers on nationality
Nationality not necessarily a democratic idea
Ambiguities about the elements that constitute it
Good and evil sides of the doctrine of nationalities
Not applicable to uncivilised nations
Plebiscites frequently deceptive
Dangers of pushing the nationality doctrine to its full consequences
America a Test Case
